This book introduces readers to a variety of tools for analog layout design automation. After discussing the placement and routing problem in electronic design automation (EDA), the authors overview a variety of automatic layout generation tools, as well as the most recent advances in analog layout-aware circuit sizing. The discussion includes different methods for automatic placement (a template-based Placer and an optimization-based Placer), a fully-automatic Router and an empirical-based Parasitic Extractor. The concepts and algorithms of all the modules are thoroughly described, enabling readers to reproduce the methodologies, improve the quality of their designs, or use them as starting point for a new tool. All the methods described are applied to practical examples for a 130nm design process, as well as placement and routing benchmark sets.

This book presents a new optimization flow for quantum circuits realization. At the reversible level, optimization algorithms are presented to reduce the quantum cost. Then, new mapping approaches to decompose reversible circuits to quantum circuits using different quantum libraries are described. Finally, optimization techniques to reduce the quantum cost or the delay are applied to the resulting quantum circuits. Furthermore, this book studies the complexity of reversible circuits and quantum circuits from a theoretical perspective.

This book brings together a selection of the best papers from the eighteenth edition of the Forum on specification and Design Languages Conference (FDL), which took place on September 14-16, 2015, in Barcelona, Spain. FDL is a well-established international forum devoted to dissemination of research results, practical experiences and new ideas in the application of specification, design and verification languages to the design, modeling and verification of integrated circuits, complex hardware/software embedded systems, and mixed-technology systems.

This book provides a single-source reference on the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as interconnect material for horizontal, on-chip and 3D interconnects. The authors demonstrate the uses of bundles of CNTs, as innovative conducting material to fabricate interconnect through-silicon vias (TSVs), in order to improve the performance, reliability and integration of 3D integrated circuits (ICs). This book will be first to provide a coherent overview of exploiting carbon nanotubes for 3D interconnects covering aspects from processing, modeling, simulation, characterization and applications. Coverage also includes a thorough presentation of the application of CNTs as horizontal on-chip interconnects which can potentially revolutionize the nanoelectronics industry. This book is a must-read for anyone interested in the state-of-the-art on exploiting carbon nanotubes for interconnects for both 2D and 3D integrated circuits.

This proven textbook guides readers to a thorough understanding of the theory and design of operational amplifiers (OpAmps). The core of the book presents systematically the design of operational amplifiers, classifying them into a periodic system of nine main overall configurations, ranging from one gain stage up to four or more stages. This division enables circuit designers to recognize quickly, understand, and choose optimal configurations. Characterization of operational amplifiers is given by macro models and error matrices, together with measurement techniques for their parameters. Definitions are given for four types of operational amplifiers depending on the grounding of their input and output ports. Many famous designs are evaluated in depth, using a carefully structured approach enhanced by numerous figures. In order to reinforce the concepts introduced and facilitate self-evaluation of design skills, the author includes problems with detailed solutions, as well as simulation exercises.

This book makes powerful Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and reconfigurable technology accessible to software engineers by covering different state-of-the-art high-level synthesis approaches (e.g., OpenCL and several C-to-gates compilers). It introduces FPGA technology, its programming model, and how various applications can be implemented on FPGAs without going through low-level hardware design phases. Readers will get a realistic sense for problems that are suited for FPGAs and how to implement them from a software designer's point of view. The authors demonstrate that FPGAs and their programming model reflect the needs of stream processing problems much better than traditional CPU or GPU architectures, making them well-suited for a wide variety of systems, from embedded systems performing sensor processing to large setups for Big Data number crunching. This book serves as an invaluable tool for software designers and FPGA design engineers who are interested in high design productivity through behavioural synthesis, domain-specific compilation, and FPGA overlays. Introduces FPGA technology to software developers by giving an overview of FPGA programming models and design tools, as well as various application examples; Provides a holistic analysis of the topic and enables developers to tackle the architectural needs for Big Data processing with FPGAs; Explains the reasons for the energy efficiency and performance benefits of FPGA processing; Provides a user-oriented approach and a sense for where and how to apply FPGA technology.

This book explains for readers how 3D chip stacks promise to increase the level of on-chip integration, and to design new heterogeneous semiconductor devices that combine chips of different integration technologies (incl. sensors) in a single package of the smallest possible size. The authors focus on heterogeneous 3D integration, addressing some of the most important challenges in this emerging technology, including contactless, optics-based, and carbon-nanotube-based 3D integration, as well as signal-integrity and thermal management issues in copper-based 3D integration. Coverage also includes the 3D heterogeneous integration of power sources, photonic devices, and non-volatile memories based on new materials systems.

This thesis reports on outstanding work in two main subfields of quantum information science: one involves the quantum measurement problem, and the other concerns quantum simulation. The thesis proposes using a polarization-based displaced Sagnac-type interferometer to achieve partial collapse measurement and its reversal, and presents the first experimental verification of the nonlocality of the partial collapse measurement and its reversal. All of the experiments are carried out in the linear optical system, one of the earliest experimental systems to employ quantum communication and quantum information processing. The thesis argues that quantum measurement can yield quantum entanglement recovery, which is demonstrated by using the frequency freedom to simulate the environment. Based on the weak measurement theory, the author proposes that white light can be used to precisely estimate phase, and effectively demonstrates that the imaginary part of the weak value can be introduced by means of weak measurement evolution. Lastly, a nine-order polarization-based displaced Sagnac-type interferometer employing bulk optics is constructed to perform quantum simulation of the Landau-Zener evolution, and by tuning the system Hamiltonian, the first experiment to research the Kibble-Zurek mechanism in non-equilibrium kinetics processes is carried out in the linear optical system.

This book discusses the design and performance analysis of SDRAM controllers that cater to both real-time and best-effort applications, i.e. mixed-time-criticality memory controllers. The authors describe the state of the art, and then focus on an architecture template for reconfigurable memory controllers that addresses effectively the quickly evolving set of SDRAM standards, in terms of worst-case timing and power analysis, as well as implementation. A prototype implementation of the controller in SystemC and synthesizable VHDL for an FPGA development board are used as a proof of concept of the architecture template.

This book describes novel software concepts to increase reliability under user-defined constraints. The authors' approach bridges, for the first time, the reliability gap between hardware and software. Readers will learn how to achieve increased soft error resilience on unreliable hardware, while exploiting the inherent error masking characteristics and error (stemming from soft errors, aging, and process variations) mitigations potential at different software layers.

This book-presents new methods and tools for the integration and simulation of smart devices. The design approach described in this book explicitly accounts for integration of Smart Systems components and subsystems as a specific constraint. It includes methodologies and EDA tools to enable multi-disciplinary and multi-scale modeling and design, simulation of multi-domain systems, subsystems and components at all levels of abstraction, system integration and exploration for optimization of functional and non-functional metrics. By covering theoretical and practical aspects of smart device design, this book targets people who are working and studying on hardware/software modelling, component integration and simulation under different positions (system integrators, designers, developers, researchers, teachers, students etc.). In particular, it is a good introduction to people who have interest in managing heterogeneous components in an efficient and effective way on different domains and different abstraction levels. People active in smart device development can understand both the current status of practice and future research directions. * Provides a comprehensive overview of smart systems design, focusing on design challenges and cutting-edge solutions; * Enables development of a co-simulation and co-design environment that accounts for the peculiarities of the basic subsystems and components to be integrated; * Describes development of modeling and design techniques, methods and tools that enable multi-domain simulation and optimization at various levels of abstraction and across different technological domains.

This book describes state-of-the-art techniques for designing real-time computer systems. The author shows how to estimate precisely the effect of cache architecture on the execution time of a program, how to dispatch workload on multicore processors to optimize resources, while meeting deadline constraints, and how to use closed-form mathematical approaches to characterize highly variable workloads and their interaction in a networked environment. Readers will learn how to deal with unpredictable timing behaviors of computer systems on different levels of system granularity and abstraction.

This book provides the most comprehensive and consistent survey of the field of IC design for Biological Sensing and Processing. The authors describe a multitude of applications that require custom CMOS IC design and highlight the techniques in analog and mixed-signal circuit design that potentially can cross boundaries and benefit the very wide community of bio-medical engineers.

Die Unified Modeling Language (UML) hat sich zur dominanten Modellierungssprache entwickelt, "agile" Methoden werden inzwischen bei vielen Softwareentwicklungen eingesetzt. In dem Buch wird ein Ansatz vorgestellt, der UML mit Elementen agiler Methoden kombiniert und deshalb fur den Einsatz in Anwendungsdomanen besonders geeignet ist. Die 2. Auflage wurde durchgehend uberarbeitet und basiert auf UML 2.3 sowie der Java-Version 6. Auf der Internetseite http: //www.se-rwth.de/mbse ist weiterfuhrendes Material bereitgestellt.

This is the latest edition of our classic COBOL book that has set the standard for structured design and coding since the mid-1970s. So if you want to learn how to write COBOL programs the way they're written in the best enterprise COBOL shops, this is the book for you. And when you're done learning from this book, it becomes the best reference you'll ever find for use on the job. Throughout the book, you will learn how to use COBOL on IBM mainframes because that's where 90% or more of all COBOL is running. But to work on a mainframe, you need to know more than just the COBOL language. That's why this book also shows you: how to use the ISPF editor for entering programs; how to use TSO/E and JCL to compile and test programs; how to use the AMS utility to work with VSAM files; how to use CICS for developing interactive COBOL programs; how to use DB2 for developing COBOL programs that handle database data; how to maintain legacy programs. If you want to learn COBOL for other platforms, this book will get you off to a good start because COBOL is a standard language. In fact, all of the COBOL that's presented in this book will also run on any other platform that has a COBOL compiler. Remember, though, that billions of lines of mainframe COBOL are currently in use, and those programs will keep programmers busy for many years to come.

Das Buch behandelt die in modernen Hochleistungsprozessoren zum Einsatz kommenden Techniken. Nach einer einfuhrenden Beschreibung von Programmiermodellen werden zunachst skalare Prozessoren, die Mikroprogrammierung und die Fliessbandverarbeitung diskutiert.

Die in operationsparallel arbeitenden Prozessoren angewandten Prinzipien kommen zur Sprache. Dabei werden die Multimedia-Einheiten (SIMD-Einheiten), Feldrechner, Vektorrechner, Signalprozessoren, VLIW-Prozessoren und Prozessoren mit kontrollflussgesteuertem Datenfluss erortert zum Teil auch unter Einbeziehung der bei diesen Verfahren bedeutsamen Ubersetzerbautechniken. Im Zusammenhang mit den ebenfalls behandelten superskalaren Prozessoren werden die gangigen Verfahren zur Operationsparallelisierung, zum Reordering von Befehlen, zur Datenflussspekulation und zur Kontrollflussspekulation beschrieben. Zum Abschluss beschaftigt sich das Buch mit Techniken zum Aufbau von im Hardware/Software-Codedesign arbeitenden Prozessoren.

Die einzelnen Kapitel sind so aufgebaut, dass zunachst die Idee eines Prinzips sowie eine Umsetzung beschrieben wird. Anschliessend werden Schwachstellen herausgearbeitet und darauf aufbauend verbesserte Umsetzungen prasentiert.

Das Buch vermittelt nicht nur die Ideen der im Prozessorbau zum Einsatz kommenden Verfahren, sondern insbesondere die fur eine Umsetzung erforderlichen Details, die vielfach bis hinab zur Registertransferschaltung fuhren. Es enthalt zahlreiche Bilder bzw. Tabellen und Beispiele. "

Nachdem die ersten Fuzzy-Regler Anfang der siebziger Jahre entwickelt und in der Praxis erprobt wurden, hat das Gebiet der Fuzzy-Regelung in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten einen gewaltigen Fortschritt erfahren. Die zugrunde liegenden mathematischen und technischen Konzepte sind umfassend analysiert worden, und mittlerweile werden Fuzzy-Regler in vielen industriellen Anwendungen routinemassig eingesetzt. Das Ziel dieses Buches ist eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme der Fuzzy-Regler aus Sicht der klassischen Regelungstechnik. Der Schwerpunkt dieses Buches liegt in der Darstellung von Themen, die fur den Anwender von besonderem Interesse sind. Hierzu zahlen insbesondere die (Selbst-) Einstellung, Optimierung und Stabilitatsanalyse von Fuzzy-Reglern. Ausgehend von einer detaillierten Einfuhrung in die Gebiete Fuzzy-Systeme und Regelungstechnik wird der Leser systematisch an aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse herangefuhrt."

Das Buch gibt einen umfassenden UEberblick uber die Hardware- und Software-Konzepte, auf denen moderne Rechnersysteme beruhen, von den Arbeitsplatzrechnern bis zu den Supercomputern und den zukunftigen massiv-parallelen Rechnern. Im Anschluss an die Betrachtung der Architektur sequentieller Rechner, ihrer Prozessoren und ihrer Speicherhierarchien werden die Grundlagen fur die Parallelarbeit dargelegt. Zunachst werden die Prinzipien der Parallelarbeit im Prozessor behandelt, was zu den VLIW-Maschinen und den superskalaren Prozessoren fuhrt, und die damit verbundenen Compilerprobleme eroertert. Ein Kapitel ist den SIMD-Architekturen in Form der Vektormaschinen oder der Anordnungen gleichartiger Rechnerelemente gewidmet. Ein eigenes Kapitel stellt ausfuhrlich und mit Beispielen die Prinzipien der Datenstruktur-Architekturen und der Sprach-Architekturen dar. Datenstruktur-Architekturen sind dahingehend optimiert, datenparallele Anwendungen mit komplexen Datenstrukturtypen moeglichst effizient zu bearbeiten. Sprach-Architekturen dienen der Unterstutzung von Sprachen wie Lisp und Prolog. Datenflussarchitekturen werden in einem eigenen Kapitel ausfuhrlich behandelt. Die letzten drei Kapitel sind den Parallelrechnern gewidmet: Aus den Programmiermodellen fur massiv-parallele Architekturen werden die verschiedenen Architekturformen abgeleitet. Die Eigenschaften der einzelnen Architekturformen, die zentrale Frage der Kommunikationslatenz und die spezifischen Softwarefragen werden grundlich behandelt. Das Buch zeichnet sich durch eine sehr systematische Darstellung aus sowie auch dadurch, dass nicht nur auf die Hardware-Architekturen eingegangen wird, sondern ebenso sehr auf die relevanten Fragen der Systemsoftware und Programmierung.

Das vorliegende Buch ist der 2. Teil einer Einfuhrung in die wesentlichen Problembereiche der KI-Programmierung. Dabei dienen Sprachentwicklung, -implementierung und -benutzung als neuartige einheitliche Sichtweise. Die Grundidee ist, dass es zu jedem Problem ein angepasstes Verarbeitungsmodell (eine abstrakte Maschine) gibt, das mit Hilfe einer zugeordneten Programmiersprache operabel gemacht werden kann. Programmiersprachen konnen jedoch auch uminterpretiert werden, indem ihnen konzeptionell ein neues Verarbeitungsmodell zugrunde gelegt wird. Diese Ausdrucksvielfalt fuhrt zu verschiedenen "Programmierstilen." Um den angehenden KI-Programmierer mit KI-Programmiersprachen (Wissensreprasentationsformalismen) und ihrer Implementierung vertraut zu machen, wird eine Reihe etablierter oder zeitweise wichtiger Sprachen vorgestellt. Das Besondere an diesem Sprachspektrum ist die Vielfalt der Verarbeitungsmodelle, auf denen die Sprachen beruhen, und die Unterschiedlichkeit der Programmierstile, denen der Programmierer folgen kann. Im ersten Band werden Funktions-, Muster-, Operator- und Logik-orientierte Formen der Programmierung behandelt und an einem durchgehenden Problembeispiel vorgestellt. Im vorliegenden zweiten Band stehen Relations-, Regel-, Plan-, Anweisungs- und Objekt-orientierte Formen sowie die ATN-Programmierung (Augmented Transition Networks) im Vordergrund."

A practical guide to building PIC and STM32 microcontroller board applications with C and C++ programming Key Features Discover how to apply microcontroller boards in real life to create interesting IoT projects Create innovative solutions to help improve the lives of people affected by the COVID-19 pandemic Design, build, program, and test microcontroller-based projects with the C and C++ programming language Book DescriptionWe live in a world surrounded by electronic devices, and microcontrollers are the brains of these devices. Microcontroller programming is an essential skill in the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), and this book helps you to get up to speed with it by working through projects for designing and developing embedded apps with microcontroller boards. DIY Microcontroller Projects for Hobbyists are filled with microcontroller programming C and C++ language constructs. You'll discover how to use the Blue Pill (containing a type of STM32 microcontroller) and Curiosity Nano (containing a type of PIC microcontroller) boards for executing your projects as PIC is a beginner-level board and STM-32 is an ARM Cortex-based board. Later, you'll explore the fundamentals of digital electronics and microcontroller board programming. The book uses examples such as measuring humidity and temperature in an environment to help you gain hands-on project experience. You'll build on your knowledge as you create IoT projects by applying more complex sensors. Finally, you'll find out how to plan for a microcontroller-based project and troubleshoot it. By the end of this book, you'll have developed a firm foundation in electronics and practical PIC and STM32 microcontroller programming and interfacing, adding valuable skills to your professional portfolio. What you will learn Get to grips with the basics of digital and analog electronics Design, build, program, and test a microcontroller-based system Understand the importance and applications of STM32 and PIC microcontrollers Discover how to connect sensors to microcontroller boards Find out how to obtain sensor data via coding Use microcontroller boards in real life and practical projects Who this book is forThis STM32 PIC microcontroller book is for students, hobbyists, and engineers who want to explore the world of embedded systems and microcontroller programming. Beginners, as well as more experienced users of digital electronics and microcontrollers, will also find this book useful. Basic knowledge of digital circuits and C and C++ programming will be helpful but not necessary.

Use a low-code programming approach to create event-driven applications from scratch by wiring together hardware devices, APIs, and online services Key Features Discover how you can automate the Internet of Things (IoT) without writing huge blocks of code Learn how to wire together flows using a browser-based visual editor Handle IoT data with little to no coding knowledge Book DescriptionNode-RED is a free and open source flow-based programming tool used to handle IoT data that allows programmers of any level to interconnect physical I/O, cloud-based systems, databases, and APIs to build web applications without code. Practical Node-RED Programming is a comprehensive introduction for anyone looking to get up to speed with the Node-RED ecosystem in no time. Complete with hands-on tutorials, projects, and self-assessment questions, this easy-to-follow guide will help you to become well versed in the foundations of Node-RED. You'll learn how to use Node-RED to handle IoT data and build web applications without having to write complex code. Once you've covered the basics, you'll explore various visual programming techniques and find out how to make sample flows as you cover web development, IoT development, and cloud service connections, and finally build useful real-world applications. By the end of this book, you'll have learned how to use Node-RED to develop a real-world application from scratch, which can then be implemented in your business. What you will learn Understand the history of Node-RED and why you need to learn a flow-based programming tool Use Node-RED to build Node.js-based applications Handle data for IoT devices using Node-RED flows Explore advanced Node-RED features such as connecting repositories and customizing the flow editor Find out what the MQTT protocol is and how it relates to Node-RED Create and publish your own nodes and flows using the Node-RED library Who this book is forThis Node-RED book is for web developers and IoT engineers with some background in JavaScript and Node.js. Although not necessary, familiarity with the concepts of electronics will help you to make the most out of this book.