This book presents a new optimization flow for quantum circuits realization. At the reversible level, optimization algorithms are presented to reduce the quantum cost. Then, new mapping approaches to decompose reversible circuits to quantum circuits using different quantum libraries are described. Finally, optimization techniques to reduce the quantum cost or the delay are applied to the resulting quantum circuits. Furthermore, this book studies the complexity of reversible circuits and quantum circuits from a theoretical perspective.

This book brings together a selection of the best papers from the eighteenth edition of the Forum on specification and Design Languages Conference (FDL), which took place on September 14-16, 2015, in Barcelona, Spain. FDL is a well-established international forum devoted to dissemination of research results, practical experiences and new ideas in the application of specification, design and verification languages to the design, modeling and verification of integrated circuits, complex hardware/software embedded systems, and mixed-technology systems.

This book provides a single-source reference on the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as interconnect material for horizontal, on-chip and 3D interconnects. The authors demonstrate the uses of bundles of CNTs, as innovative conducting material to fabricate interconnect through-silicon vias (TSVs), in order to improve the performance, reliability and integration of 3D integrated circuits (ICs). This book will be first to provide a coherent overview of exploiting carbon nanotubes for 3D interconnects covering aspects from processing, modeling, simulation, characterization and applications. Coverage also includes a thorough presentation of the application of CNTs as horizontal on-chip interconnects which can potentially revolutionize the nanoelectronics industry. This book is a must-read for anyone interested in the state-of-the-art on exploiting carbon nanotubes for interconnects for both 2D and 3D integrated circuits.

This proven textbook guides readers to a thorough understanding of the theory and design of operational amplifiers (OpAmps). The core of the book presents systematically the design of operational amplifiers, classifying them into a periodic system of nine main overall configurations, ranging from one gain stage up to four or more stages. This division enables circuit designers to recognize quickly, understand, and choose optimal configurations. Characterization of operational amplifiers is given by macro models and error matrices, together with measurement techniques for their parameters. Definitions are given for four types of operational amplifiers depending on the grounding of their input and output ports. Many famous designs are evaluated in depth, using a carefully structured approach enhanced by numerous figures. In order to reinforce the concepts introduced and facilitate self-evaluation of design skills, the author includes problems with detailed solutions, as well as simulation exercises.

This book makes powerful Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and reconfigurable technology accessible to software engineers by covering different state-of-the-art high-level synthesis approaches (e.g., OpenCL and several C-to-gates compilers). It introduces FPGA technology, its programming model, and how various applications can be implemented on FPGAs without going through low-level hardware design phases. Readers will get a realistic sense for problems that are suited for FPGAs and how to implement them from a software designer's point of view. The authors demonstrate that FPGAs and their programming model reflect the needs of stream processing problems much better than traditional CPU or GPU architectures, making them well-suited for a wide variety of systems, from embedded systems performing sensor processing to large setups for Big Data number crunching. This book serves as an invaluable tool for software designers and FPGA design engineers who are interested in high design productivity through behavioural synthesis, domain-specific compilation, and FPGA overlays. Introduces FPGA technology to software developers by giving an overview of FPGA programming models and design tools, as well as various application examples; Provides a holistic analysis of the topic and enables developers to tackle the architectural needs for Big Data processing with FPGAs; Explains the reasons for the energy efficiency and performance benefits of FPGA processing; Provides a user-oriented approach and a sense for where and how to apply FPGA technology.

This book explains for readers how 3D chip stacks promise to increase the level of on-chip integration, and to design new heterogeneous semiconductor devices that combine chips of different integration technologies (incl. sensors) in a single package of the smallest possible size. The authors focus on heterogeneous 3D integration, addressing some of the most important challenges in this emerging technology, including contactless, optics-based, and carbon-nanotube-based 3D integration, as well as signal-integrity and thermal management issues in copper-based 3D integration. Coverage also includes the 3D heterogeneous integration of power sources, photonic devices, and non-volatile memories based on new materials systems.

This thesis reports on outstanding work in two main subfields of quantum information science: one involves the quantum measurement problem, and the other concerns quantum simulation. The thesis proposes using a polarization-based displaced Sagnac-type interferometer to achieve partial collapse measurement and its reversal, and presents the first experimental verification of the nonlocality of the partial collapse measurement and its reversal. All of the experiments are carried out in the linear optical system, one of the earliest experimental systems to employ quantum communication and quantum information processing. The thesis argues that quantum measurement can yield quantum entanglement recovery, which is demonstrated by using the frequency freedom to simulate the environment. Based on the weak measurement theory, the author proposes that white light can be used to precisely estimate phase, and effectively demonstrates that the imaginary part of the weak value can be introduced by means of weak measurement evolution. Lastly, a nine-order polarization-based displaced Sagnac-type interferometer employing bulk optics is constructed to perform quantum simulation of the Landau-Zener evolution, and by tuning the system Hamiltonian, the first experiment to research the Kibble-Zurek mechanism in non-equilibrium kinetics processes is carried out in the linear optical system.

This book discusses the design and performance analysis of SDRAM controllers that cater to both real-time and best-effort applications, i.e. mixed-time-criticality memory controllers. The authors describe the state of the art, and then focus on an architecture template for reconfigurable memory controllers that addresses effectively the quickly evolving set of SDRAM standards, in terms of worst-case timing and power analysis, as well as implementation. A prototype implementation of the controller in SystemC and synthesizable VHDL for an FPGA development board are used as a proof of concept of the architecture template.

This book provides a hands-on, application-oriented guide to the language and methodology of both SystemVerilog Assertions and SystemVerilog Functional Coverage. Readers will benefit from the step-by-step approach to functional hardware verification using SystemVerilog Assertions and Functional Coverage, which will enable them to uncover hidden and hard to find bugs, point directly to the source of the bug, provide for a clean and easy way to model complex timing checks and objectively answer the question 'have we functionally verified everything'. Written by a professional end-user of ASIC/SoC/CPU and FPGA design and Verification, this book explains each concept with easy to understand examples, simulation logs and applications derived from real projects. Readers will be empowered to tackle the modeling of complex checkers for functional verification, thereby drastically reducing their time to design and debug. This updated second edition addresses the latest functional set released in IEEE-1800 (2012) LRM, including numerous additional operators and features. Additionally, many of the Concurrent Assertions/Operators explanations are enhanced, with the addition of more examples and figures. * Covers in its entirety the latest IEEE-1800 2012 LRM syntax and semantics; * Covers both SystemVerilog Assertions and SystemVerilog Functional Coverage language and methodologies; * Provides practical examples of the what, how and why of Assertion Based Verification and Functional Coverage methodologies; * Explains each concept in a step-by-step fashion and applies it to a practical real life example; * Includes 6 practical LABs that enable readers to put in practice the concepts explained in the book.

This book describes novel software concepts to increase reliability under user-defined constraints. The authors' approach bridges, for the first time, the reliability gap between hardware and software. Readers will learn how to achieve increased soft error resilience on unreliable hardware, while exploiting the inherent error masking characteristics and error (stemming from soft errors, aging, and process variations) mitigations potential at different software layers.

This book-presents new methods and tools for the integration and simulation of smart devices. The design approach described in this book explicitly accounts for integration of Smart Systems components and subsystems as a specific constraint. It includes methodologies and EDA tools to enable multi-disciplinary and multi-scale modeling and design, simulation of multi-domain systems, subsystems and components at all levels of abstraction, system integration and exploration for optimization of functional and non-functional metrics. By covering theoretical and practical aspects of smart device design, this book targets people who are working and studying on hardware/software modelling, component integration and simulation under different positions (system integrators, designers, developers, researchers, teachers, students etc.). In particular, it is a good introduction to people who have interest in managing heterogeneous components in an efficient and effective way on different domains and different abstraction levels. People active in smart device development can understand both the current status of practice and future research directions. * Provides a comprehensive overview of smart systems design, focusing on design challenges and cutting-edge solutions; * Enables development of a co-simulation and co-design environment that accounts for the peculiarities of the basic subsystems and components to be integrated; * Describes development of modeling and design techniques, methods and tools that enable multi-domain simulation and optimization at various levels of abstraction and across different technological domains.

This book describes state-of-the-art techniques for designing real-time computer systems. The author shows how to estimate precisely the effect of cache architecture on the execution time of a program, how to dispatch workload on multicore processors to optimize resources, while meeting deadline constraints, and how to use closed-form mathematical approaches to characterize highly variable workloads and their interaction in a networked environment. Readers will learn how to deal with unpredictable timing behaviors of computer systems on different levels of system granularity and abstraction.

A practical guide to building PIC and STM32 microcontroller board applications with C and C++ programming Key Features Discover how to apply microcontroller boards in real life to create interesting IoT projects Create innovative solutions to help improve the lives of people affected by the COVID-19 pandemic Design, build, program, and test microcontroller-based projects with the C and C++ programming language Book DescriptionWe live in a world surrounded by electronic devices, and microcontrollers are the brains of these devices. Microcontroller programming is an essential skill in the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), and this book helps you to get up to speed with it by working through projects for designing and developing embedded apps with microcontroller boards. DIY Microcontroller Projects for Hobbyists are filled with microcontroller programming C and C++ language constructs. You'll discover how to use the Blue Pill (containing a type of STM32 microcontroller) and Curiosity Nano (containing a type of PIC microcontroller) boards for executing your projects as PIC is a beginner-level board and STM-32 is an ARM Cortex-based board. Later, you'll explore the fundamentals of digital electronics and microcontroller board programming. The book uses examples such as measuring humidity and temperature in an environment to help you gain hands-on project experience. You'll build on your knowledge as you create IoT projects by applying more complex sensors. Finally, you'll find out how to plan for a microcontroller-based project and troubleshoot it. By the end of this book, you'll have developed a firm foundation in electronics and practical PIC and STM32 microcontroller programming and interfacing, adding valuable skills to your professional portfolio. What you will learn Get to grips with the basics of digital and analog electronics Design, build, program, and test a microcontroller-based system Understand the importance and applications of STM32 and PIC microcontrollers Discover how to connect sensors to microcontroller boards Find out how to obtain sensor data via coding Use microcontroller boards in real life and practical projects Who this book is forThis STM32 PIC microcontroller book is for students, hobbyists, and engineers who want to explore the world of embedded systems and microcontroller programming. Beginners, as well as more experienced users of digital electronics and microcontrollers, will also find this book useful. Basic knowledge of digital circuits and C and C++ programming will be helpful but not necessary.

Die Unified Modeling Language (UML) hat sich zur dominanten Modellierungssprache entwickelt, "agile" Methoden werden inzwischen bei vielen Softwareentwicklungen eingesetzt. In dem Buch wird ein Ansatz vorgestellt, der UML mit Elementen agiler Methoden kombiniert und deshalb fur den Einsatz in Anwendungsdomanen besonders geeignet ist. Die 2. Auflage wurde durchgehend uberarbeitet und basiert auf UML 2.3 sowie der Java-Version 6. Auf der Internetseite http: //www.se-rwth.de/mbse ist weiterfuhrendes Material bereitgestellt.

This book is concerned with techniques for formal theorem-proving, with particular reference to Cambridge LCF (Logic for Computable Functions). Cambridge LCF is a computer program for reasoning about computation. It combines the methods of mathematical logic with domain theory, the basis of the denotational approach to specifying the meaning of program statements. Cambridge LCF is based on an earlier theorem-proving system, Edinburgh LCF, which introduced a design that gives the user flexibility to use and extend the system. A goal of this book is to explain the design, which has been adopted in several other systems. The book consists of two parts. Part I outlines the mathematical preliminaries, elementary logic and domain theory, and explains them at an intuitive level, giving reference to more advanced reading; Part II provides sufficient detail to serve as a reference manual for Cambridge LCF. It will also be a useful guide for implementors of other programs based on the LCF approach.

Das Buch behandelt die in modernen Hochleistungsprozessoren zum Einsatz kommenden Techniken. Nach einer einfuhrenden Beschreibung von Programmiermodellen werden zunachst skalare Prozessoren, die Mikroprogrammierung und die Fliessbandverarbeitung diskutiert.

Die in operationsparallel arbeitenden Prozessoren angewandten Prinzipien kommen zur Sprache. Dabei werden die Multimedia-Einheiten (SIMD-Einheiten), Feldrechner, Vektorrechner, Signalprozessoren, VLIW-Prozessoren und Prozessoren mit kontrollflussgesteuertem Datenfluss erortert zum Teil auch unter Einbeziehung der bei diesen Verfahren bedeutsamen Ubersetzerbautechniken. Im Zusammenhang mit den ebenfalls behandelten superskalaren Prozessoren werden die gangigen Verfahren zur Operationsparallelisierung, zum Reordering von Befehlen, zur Datenflussspekulation und zur Kontrollflussspekulation beschrieben. Zum Abschluss beschaftigt sich das Buch mit Techniken zum Aufbau von im Hardware/Software-Codedesign arbeitenden Prozessoren.

Die einzelnen Kapitel sind so aufgebaut, dass zunachst die Idee eines Prinzips sowie eine Umsetzung beschrieben wird. Anschliessend werden Schwachstellen herausgearbeitet und darauf aufbauend verbesserte Umsetzungen prasentiert.

Das Buch vermittelt nicht nur die Ideen der im Prozessorbau zum Einsatz kommenden Verfahren, sondern insbesondere die fur eine Umsetzung erforderlichen Details, die vielfach bis hinab zur Registertransferschaltung fuhren. Es enthalt zahlreiche Bilder bzw. Tabellen und Beispiele. "

Nachdem die ersten Fuzzy-Regler Anfang der siebziger Jahre entwickelt und in der Praxis erprobt wurden, hat das Gebiet der Fuzzy-Regelung in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten einen gewaltigen Fortschritt erfahren. Die zugrunde liegenden mathematischen und technischen Konzepte sind umfassend analysiert worden, und mittlerweile werden Fuzzy-Regler in vielen industriellen Anwendungen routinemassig eingesetzt. Das Ziel dieses Buches ist eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme der Fuzzy-Regler aus Sicht der klassischen Regelungstechnik. Der Schwerpunkt dieses Buches liegt in der Darstellung von Themen, die fur den Anwender von besonderem Interesse sind. Hierzu zahlen insbesondere die (Selbst-) Einstellung, Optimierung und Stabilitatsanalyse von Fuzzy-Reglern. Ausgehend von einer detaillierten Einfuhrung in die Gebiete Fuzzy-Systeme und Regelungstechnik wird der Leser systematisch an aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse herangefuhrt."

Das Buch gibt einen umfassenden UEberblick uber die Hardware- und Software-Konzepte, auf denen moderne Rechnersysteme beruhen, von den Arbeitsplatzrechnern bis zu den Supercomputern und den zukunftigen massiv-parallelen Rechnern. Im Anschluss an die Betrachtung der Architektur sequentieller Rechner, ihrer Prozessoren und ihrer Speicherhierarchien werden die Grundlagen fur die Parallelarbeit dargelegt. Zunachst werden die Prinzipien der Parallelarbeit im Prozessor behandelt, was zu den VLIW-Maschinen und den superskalaren Prozessoren fuhrt, und die damit verbundenen Compilerprobleme eroertert. Ein Kapitel ist den SIMD-Architekturen in Form der Vektormaschinen oder der Anordnungen gleichartiger Rechnerelemente gewidmet. Ein eigenes Kapitel stellt ausfuhrlich und mit Beispielen die Prinzipien der Datenstruktur-Architekturen und der Sprach-Architekturen dar. Datenstruktur-Architekturen sind dahingehend optimiert, datenparallele Anwendungen mit komplexen Datenstrukturtypen moeglichst effizient zu bearbeiten. Sprach-Architekturen dienen der Unterstutzung von Sprachen wie Lisp und Prolog. Datenflussarchitekturen werden in einem eigenen Kapitel ausfuhrlich behandelt. Die letzten drei Kapitel sind den Parallelrechnern gewidmet: Aus den Programmiermodellen fur massiv-parallele Architekturen werden die verschiedenen Architekturformen abgeleitet. Die Eigenschaften der einzelnen Architekturformen, die zentrale Frage der Kommunikationslatenz und die spezifischen Softwarefragen werden grundlich behandelt. Das Buch zeichnet sich durch eine sehr systematische Darstellung aus sowie auch dadurch, dass nicht nur auf die Hardware-Architekturen eingegangen wird, sondern ebenso sehr auf die relevanten Fragen der Systemsoftware und Programmierung.

Das vorliegende Buch ist der 2. Teil einer Einfuhrung in die wesentlichen Problembereiche der KI-Programmierung. Dabei dienen Sprachentwicklung, -implementierung und -benutzung als neuartige einheitliche Sichtweise. Die Grundidee ist, dass es zu jedem Problem ein angepasstes Verarbeitungsmodell (eine abstrakte Maschine) gibt, das mit Hilfe einer zugeordneten Programmiersprache operabel gemacht werden kann. Programmiersprachen konnen jedoch auch uminterpretiert werden, indem ihnen konzeptionell ein neues Verarbeitungsmodell zugrunde gelegt wird. Diese Ausdrucksvielfalt fuhrt zu verschiedenen "Programmierstilen." Um den angehenden KI-Programmierer mit KI-Programmiersprachen (Wissensreprasentationsformalismen) und ihrer Implementierung vertraut zu machen, wird eine Reihe etablierter oder zeitweise wichtiger Sprachen vorgestellt. Das Besondere an diesem Sprachspektrum ist die Vielfalt der Verarbeitungsmodelle, auf denen die Sprachen beruhen, und die Unterschiedlichkeit der Programmierstile, denen der Programmierer folgen kann. Im ersten Band werden Funktions-, Muster-, Operator- und Logik-orientierte Formen der Programmierung behandelt und an einem durchgehenden Problembeispiel vorgestellt. Im vorliegenden zweiten Band stehen Relations-, Regel-, Plan-, Anweisungs- und Objekt-orientierte Formen sowie die ATN-Programmierung (Augmented Transition Networks) im Vordergrund."