Color and Clarity of Natural Waters introduces the basic concepts of aquatic optics and explains the relationships of different optical characteristics to the composition of the water and color and clarity phenomena. This scientific understanding is the basis for management of the optical quality of waters. The practical management of color and clarity of natural waters is covered in depth with guidelines for the protection of optical water quality. Case studies illustrate concepts and management principles with practical examples such as the effects of waste discharge and of phytoplankton growth. The authors look to the future of optical water quality, identifying research needs in aquatic optics as applied to the practical problems of water management. Appendices define quantities, give measurement "recipes" and worked examples to help the reader in the practical management of optical water quality. Originally published in 1993, Color and Clarity of Natural Waters will be of interest to water quality professionals, water resource engineers and managers, government agencies, aquatic biologists, ecologists and students in environmental management and water and wastewater courses. R. J. (Rob) Davies-Colley is a Principal Scientist leading a group of researchers in the field of aquatic pollution at the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) in Hamilton, New Zealand. He has been a researcher in water quality and related fields at NIWA since 1977. He has lead various projects in the field of optical water quality and is the author of more than 70 refereed scientific papers in diverse areas of riparian ecology and water quality. W. N. (Bill) Vant is a senior water quality manager with Environment Waikato (a regional government body charged with environmental management) in Hamilton, New Zealand. He was a researcher with NIWA from 1980 to 1997. His scientific contributions include identification of research needs for lake management and research on estuarine water quality. D. G. (Dave) Smith is a deputy chief director with the New York Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Water Supply, Valhalla, New York and has responsibility for water quality investigations to ensure suitabilty and safety of supply waters. He worked as a scientist at NIWA from 1986 to 1996 with research contributions in the areas of water quality management and human perception of natural waters.

Written during a long sea voyage from England through the Mediterranean, "Civilization and the Limpet" unveils many fascinating phenomena of undersea life. Wells captures with exquisite detail how limpets, like bees, navigate by the stars; how the brainless sea urchin makes a myriad of critical survival decisions every day; how "deserted islands" teem with an incredible abundance of animal life; and why deep-diving whales never get the bends. Elegant and finely crafted, "Civilization and the Limpet" will enlighten, amuse, and awe anyone interested in the natural world.

"Moving, intelligent and, in the best sense, literary.... Stephen Harrigan is anchored in reality; he knows that the environment he's describing is in serious jeopardy. At the same time, he has made this book sparkle with his remarkable ability to discuss the metaphysical and spiritual aspects of underwater exploration without ever sounding saccharine or murky." -- New York Times Book Review "[Harrigan] tells us about the people who live on Grand Turk, or come there on business, and he is given to reflecting on the subtleties of the underwater experience, but his real virtue as a writer is his ability to convey, in precise, lucid, prose, the marvels of the sea bottom." -- New Yorker "Harrigan ...captures the peacefulness of being rocked by salty currents, the massive beauty of the reefs, the exhilaration of the sport, and the mental scramble to retain fast-fading memories of sights almost unimaginable on land. Fellow divers will relish his camaraderie, while those who prefer staying topside will feel as though they've taken the plunge themselves." -- Booklist

This evocative account of the months Stephen Harrigan spent diving on the coral reefs off Grand Turk Island in the Caribbean was originally published by Houghton Mifflin in 1992.

Many marine mammals communicate by emitting sounds that pass through water. Such sounds can be received across great distances and can influence the behavior of these undersea creatures. In the past few decades, the oceans have become increasingly noisy, as underwater sounds from propellers, sonars, and other human activities make it difficult for marine mammals to communicate. This book discusses, among many other topics, just how well marine mammals hear, how noisy the oceans have become, and what effects these new sounds have on marine mammals. The baseline of ambient noise, the sounds produced by machines and mammals, the sensitivity of marine mammal hearing, and the reactions of marine mammals are also examined.
An essential addition to any marine biologist's library, Marine Mammals and Noise will be especially appealing to marine mammalogists, researchers, policy makers and regulators, and marine biologists and oceanographers using sound in their research.

This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the ecology of coral reef fishes presented by top researchers from North America and Australia. Immense strides have been made over the past twenty years in our understanding of ecological systems in general and of reef fish ecology in particular. Many of the methodologies that reef fish ecologists use in their studies will be useful to a wider audience of ecologists for the design of their ecological studies. Significant among the impacts of the research on reef fish ecology are the development of nonequilibrium models of community organization, more emphasis on the role of recruitment variability in structuring local assemblages, the development and testing of evolutionary models of social organization and reproductive biology, and new insights into predator-prey and plant-herbivore interactions.

From deep ocean trenches and the geographical poles to outer space, organisms can be found living in remarkably extreme conditions. This book provides a captivating account of these systems and their extraordinary inhabitants, 'extremophiles'. A diverse, multidisciplinary group of experts discuss responses and adaptations to change; biodiversity, bioenergetic processes, and biotic and abiotic interactions; polar environments; and life and habitability, including searching for biosignatures in the extraterrestrial environment. The editors emphasize that understanding these systems is important for increasing our knowledge and utilizing their potential, but this remains an understudied area. Given the threat to these environments and their biota caused by climate change and human impact, this timely book also addresses the urgency to document these systems. It will help graduate students and researchers in conservation, marine biology, evolutionary biology, environmental change and astrobiology better understand how life exists in these environments and their susceptibility or resilience to change.

Seaweeds of the Southeastern United States offers a definitive manual for the identification of the seaweeds that inhabit the deep offshore waters as well as the near shoreline and shallow sounds from North Carolina to Florida. The volume provides a natural key to the class, order, family, and genera with detailed descriptions, 560 illustrations, and an artificial key listing simple characteristics for quick identification of the green, brown, and red benthic marine algae (or bottom growers) that inhabit the region.
The southeastern Atlantic coast is home to 334 species of seaweed flora. The greatest diversity occurs along the North Carolina coast between Cape Lookout and Cape Fear. With the exception of a few additional species south of Cape Fear, there is not a marked change in the flora until the more tropical waters and seaweeds of southern Florida. The barrier island system of the region and the enclosed shallow water sounds extend the miles of shoreline available for study.
This book, the product of a twenty-year collaboration, is the first comprehensive guide to appear in over seventy years and includes the addition of nearly one hundred species to the region, including twenty-five described by the authors.

Jellyfish are, like the mythical Medusa, both beautiful and potentially dangerous. Found from pole to tropic, these mesmeric creatures form an important part of the sea's plankton and vary in size from the gigantic to the minute. Perceived as alien creatures and seen as best avoided, jellyfish nevertheless have the power to fascinate: with the sheer beauty of their translucent bells and long, trailing tentacles; with a mouth that doubles as an anus; and without a head or brain. Drawing upon myth and historical sources as well as modern scientific advances, this book examines our ambiguous relationship with these ancient and yet ill-understood animals, describing their surprisingly complex anatomy, weaponry and habits, and their vital contribution to the ocean's ecosystem.

A revised edition of the classic work, originally published by the Peabody Museum of Salem. One of the best handbooks available for those interested in exploring the seashore populations and general ecology of northern New England waters and Cape Ann. The perfect companion guide for the serious student of marine biology or the enthusiastic amateur adventurer and ecologist. "A new printing of this book could not be more timely. If you take it and go down to the water, I imagine you will return again and again, and like the authors, be inspired to love and protect the sea that is all about us." From the Foreword by Deborah Cramer, Author of Smithsonian Ocean: Our Water Our World "The Sea is All About Us has been a treasured guide for over 40 years and endures as the best handbook available for exploring this stretch of New England coast. I am delighted that it has been updated and reprinted, so I can continue to recommend it for all who seek to know more about this region's remarkable marine and coastal habitats." Jane Winchell, The Sarah Fraser Robbins Director, Art & Nature Center, Peabody Essex Museum "A very useful companion for a trip to this fascinating habitat, whether it is your first trip to the tide zone or you are returning to visit 'slimy old friends.'" Edward S. Gilfillan, Bowdoin College "I am delighted to see this field guide being reprinted. It was a welcome text for laymen and field biology classes 40 years ago and has stood the test of time." Sandra E. Shumway, University of Connecticut "You are holding in your hot little hands one of the best field companions to the intertidal marine life of Cape Ann and the Gulf of Maine. More than just a dry taxonomic guide, Robbins and Yentsch do a superb job of making sense of the diverse intertidal environments of northern New England. Designed to be thrown in your backpack along with your water, hat and binoculars, it will help you interpret the secret world found in those intertidal cracks and crevices, a magical world of unbelievable biodiversity and wonder. Rachel Carson would be proud " Barney Balch, Bigelow Lab for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine

Geoinformatics for Marine and Coastal Management provides a timely and valuable assessment of the current state of the art geoinformatics tools and methods for the management of marine systems. This book focuses on the cutting-edge coverage of a wide spectrum of activities and topics such as GIS-based application of drainage basin analysis, contribution of ontology to marine management, geoinformatics in relation to fisheries management, hydrography, indigenous knowledge systems, and marine law enforcement. The authors present a comprehensive overview of the field of Geoinformatic Applications in Marine Management covering key issues and debates with specific case studies illustrating real-world applications of the GIS technology. This "box of tools" serves as a long-term resource for coastal zone managers, professionals, practitioners, and students alike on the management of oceans and the coastal fringe, promoting the approach of allowing sustainable and integrated use of oceans to maximize opportunities while keeping risks and hazards to a minimum.

This monograph includes seven chapters, each presenting recent advancements in the field of marine biology. Chapter One describes how the biodiversity of the Mediterranean marine environment has changed due to climate change and species invasions and proposes policy suggestions. Chapter Two discusses an integrated ecotoxicological view on elasmobranch conservation regarding chemical contamination alongside potential ecological outcomes for this group and human impacts derived from elasmobranch consumption. Chapter Three congregates information about the morphological traits of crabs to lay a foundation for a better understanding of taxonomic and phylogenetic studies, ecological studies, and the stock assessment and management of commercially important species. Chapter Four shows how foraminiferal associations are influenced by nutrients and abiotic factors that control the carbonate production in the modern outer shelf of Rio Grande do Norte, in the region of Acu Reefs. Chapter Five describes the first satellite tagging research project in the southern Gulf of Mexico for bottlenose dolphins. Chapter Six investigates the threat posed by cutaneous fibropapillomatosis, a tumor that arises on the skin or internal organs of sea turtles and affects up to 97% of this population. Finally, Chapter Seven discusses the eco-biology, exploitation and social aspects related to the common octopus along the Kerkennah Island in the South Center of the Mediterranean Sea.

Cnidarians are elegant and dazzling aquatic organisms, but despite their beauty they are known to be a threat in many coastal areas around the world. Several species of cnidaria living in tropical or sub-tropical areas are remarkably dangerous, but many Mediterranean species can also cause serious health problems. Really, cnidarians (sea anemones, corals, medusae) are considered among the most dangerous and venomous organisms, thanks to the occurrence in their tissues of batteries of intracellular capsules (nematocysts or cnidocysts) produced by the Golgi apparatus of specialized cells (nematocytes or cnidocytes) from which the phylum Cnidaria takes the name (from the Greek II"I-I'I* = nettle). The consequences of human encounters with cnidarians vary widely, from simple skin irritation to serious anaphylactic manifestations in sensitive subjects. During the last few decades, cnidarians have been perceived as increasingly dangerous due to recurrent jellyfish outbreaks which constitute a threat both for human health and economy and for the environmental equilibrium. In addition, the occurrence of alien species, whose spread is facilitated by human activities, environmental changes, global warming, or man-made modifications of the natural features of territories, pose new and serious challenges to environmental management. For all these reasons, cnidarians can be viewed as a problem. Nevertheless, cnidarians are also viewed with particular interest due to their potential in the field of natural products. Scientists have realized the potential of natural resources hidden in aquatic environments for the development of new drugs or bioactive substances with wide potential use. At present, an enormous scientific literature is available about the value of cnidarian products as potential therapeutic agents, in human nutrition, or for other applications. As such, these organisms can also be reasonably considered a resource. Taking into consideration these two main aspects, this book aims to collect the experiences and recent research data on cnidarians and review present knowledge on the subject.

Marine environments have long been places of exploration, subsistence, transport and trade, but it is only recently that marine tourism has extended beyond coastal resorts and beaches. Demand for marine wildlife experiences has grown considerably in recent decades but a corresponding increase in the conservation of these environments as well as adequate legislative and management responses aimed at sustainability has not yet followed. This book demonstrates that through scientific approaches to understanding and managing tourist interactions with marine wildlife, sustainable marine tourism can be achieved. Drawing from disciplines such as marine and conservation biology and behavioral ecology, the effects of human disturbance on marine wildlife as well as management approaches to moderate these impacts are explored. Social science perspectives are also used to understand consumer demand and the ethical and legislative problems that this demand creates. This comprehensive volume provides valuable insights for both researchers and practitioners in marine conservation and tourism.

Fish are one of the most important global food sources, supplying a significant share of the world's protein consumption. From stocks of wild Alaskan salmon and North Sea cod to entire fish communities with myriad species, fisheries require careful management to ensure that stocks remain productive, and mathematical models are essential tools for doing so. Fish Ecology, Evolution, and Exploitation is an authoritative introduction to the modern size- and trait-based approach to fish populations and communities. Ken Andersen covers the theoretical foundations, mathematical formulations, and real-world applications of this powerful new modeling method, which is grounded in the latest ecological theory and population biology. He begins with fundamental assumptions on the level of individuals and goes on to cover population demography and fisheries impact assessments. He shows how size- and trait-based models shed new light on familiar fisheries concepts such as maximum sustainable yield and fisheries selectivity-insights that classic age-based theory can't provide-and develops novel evolutionary impacts of fishing. Andersen extends the theory to entire fish communities and uses it to support the ecosystem approach to fisheries management, and forges critical links between trait-based methods and evolutionary ecology. Accessible to ecologists with a basic quantitative background, this incisive book unifies the thinking in ecology and fisheries science and is an indispensable reference for anyone seeking to apply size- and trait-based models to fish demography, fisheries impact assessments, and fish evolutionary ecology.

The hadal zone represents one of the last great frontiers in marine science, accounting for 45% of the total ocean depth range. Despite very little research effort since the 1950s, the last ten years has seen a renaissance in hadal exploration, almost certainly as a result of technological advances that have made this otherwise largely inaccessible frontier, a viable subject for research. Providing an overview of the geology involved in trench formation, the hydrography and food supply, this book details all that is currently known about organisms at hadal depths and linkages to the better known abyssal and bathyal depths. New insights on how, where and what really survives and thrives in the deepest biozone are provided, allowing this region to be considered when dealing with sustainability and conservation issues in the marine environment.

This is a book that has been divided into 9 chapters, including information on the recovery of highly valuable compounds for microalgae. The authors of this volume discuss seaweed as a renewable and globally available feedstock with potential applications in the food and feed industries, as well as the agricultural, chemical, or pharmaceutical fields. The chapters include discussions on a wide range of topics including an overview of seaweed by-products, Algae and microalgae biorefineries, the potential use of seaweed by-products in various products and materials, colour stability, and pigment contents of powdered laver (Pyropia yezoensis). The text also includes the interactions of the algae Sargassum muticum with metals as a starting point for the valorisation of invasive seaweed species, as well as new insights into the nutrition and functionality of seaweed. Microalgae biomass as an ingredient to design added value in food products, as well as seaweed biomass for bioremediation or Ethanol creation are additional topics.

The Zoological Guide to Crustacea opens by providing an update on the cave crustacean decapods from Mexico, because in the last thirty years several species have been described. Mexico has diverse cave environments according to cave origin, such as: karstic caves, volcano caves with freshwater habitats and anchialine caves with marine and brackish habitats. The following study focuses on a total of 2,700 Artemia franciscana collected at the Al Wathba Reserve between December 2017 and May 2018, which were examined for the presence of larval helminths by direct microscopy of glycerin mounted specimens. Of these, 341 (= 12.6%) specimens contained different species of the Hymenopepididae and Progynotaeniidae families. The penultimate study investigates whether the non-marine ostracod Heterocypris incongruens can detect and react to chemical compounds derived from a predator and from injured conspecifics. The closing study demonstrates the diversity of larval phases and their importance to lobster populations and fisheries, and provides a summary of larval developmental patterns and behaviors and their potential impacts on larval dispersal and lobster demographic connectivity.

In Chapter One, Carlos Garcia, Javiera Oyaneder-Terrazas, Diego Figueroa, Carolina Diaz, Romina Mora, and Hector R Contreras examine events linked to lipophilic marine biotoxins (OA-, AZA-, PTX- and YTX-group) and the way they interrelate in the mussels sp. environment in the Austral Pacific fjords. In Chapter Two, Uriel Rubio Rodriguez, Jessica A Navarro Gonzalez, and M Itzigueri Burgos Vazquez explore the anatomical adaptations allowing for gregarious behaviour in schools of fish to suggest modifying capturing methods for fisheries. In Chapter Three, Carlos Garcia, Javiera Oyaneder-Terrazas, and Hector R. Contreras provide a study lipophilic marine biotoxins in the environment and their connection to concentration levels in shellfish. Marcos I. Perez-Perez, M. Dolores Garza-Gil, and Manuel Varela-Lafuente examine Spanish turbot aquaculture beginning in 1983 and ending with the future challenges it will face in Chapter Four. In Chapter Five, Yulia I. Podlipaeva and Andrew V Goodkov present a study on White Sea mussel adaptions to environmental salinity changes. Next, H Y Zhanga, P K S Shina, and S G Cheung present a study on the effect of salinity and acidification on food detection in Nassarius festivus, a marine gastropod, in Chapter Six. In Chapter Seven, J A Grant-Mackie reviews the distribution of a nautiloid in the Late Triassic. Following this, Bi Lin Liu, Xin Jun Chen, Jian Hua Li, Yi Gong, and Jing Yuan Lin present a review on the jumbo flying squid, or Dosidicus gigas, in Chapter Eight. Lastly, Chapter Nine by Bi Lin Liu, Jing Yuan Lin, Xin Jun Chen, Tao Jia, and Gang Li examines the species composition, abundance, and spatial distribution of zooplankton through a study conducted with Chinese squid jigging vessels in the Pacific Ocean.

Currently there is great concern about over-fishing and the effects of fisheries on other marine organisms. This book addresses ecological and environmental issues associated with responsible and sustainable marine fisheries. It includes 20 chapters developed from an international conference and concurrent symposium held in Iceland in October 2001. Contributors include leading international authorities from around the world. Contents include: global overview of marine capture fisheries, legal protection for marine ecosystems, dynamics of marine ecosystems, the role of man in marine ecosystems, and incorporating ecosystem considerations in fisheries management.

This unique, concise and beautifully-illustrated guide allows students to identify over 650 of the common, widespread animals and seaweeds of the shore. User-friendly dichotomous keys are supported by details of diagnostic features and biology of each species. Now enhanced with 32 pages of colour, this much acclaimed guide is invaluable to students of marine biology at any level. Questions such as how does the species reproduce? What is its life-cycle? How does it feed? are answered in the notes accompanying each species to give a fascinating insight into the diversity and complexity of life on the shore. The text is supported by an extensive glossary of scientific terms and a comprehensive bibliography is included to aid further study. The third edition builds on the excellent reviews of earlier editions and will continue to appeal to a wide readership, including students, teachers and naturalists.

Colin Speedie's new book takes us from swashbuckling hunts of giant sharks by reckless individuals with makeshift harpoons, through an age of mass slaughter, to the author's personal shark-tracking adventures in the name of conservation.There are few marine creatures as spectacular as the Basking Shark. At up to 11 metres in length and seven tonnes in weight, this colossal, plankton-feeding fish is one of the largest in the world, second only to the whale shark. Historically, Basking Sharks were a familiar sight in the northern hemisphere - off the coasts of Norway, Scotland, Ireland, Canada and the USA, for example. In an 18th Century world without electricity, they became the focus of active hunting for their huge livers containing large amounts of valuable oil, primarily used in lamps.Catch numbers were small enough to leave populations largely intact, but during the 20th Century a new breed of hunter joined the fray, some driven as much by a need for adventure as for financial gain. With improved equipment and experience, they exploited the shark on an industrial scale that drastically reduced numbers, leading to localised near-extinction in some areas.From the 1970's onward a new generation took to the seas, this time with conservation in mind to identify where the shark might still be found in the waters around the British Isles, employing new technologies to solve long-standing mysteries about the behaviour of this elusive creature. Using the best of both old and new research techniques, the case was built to justify the species becoming one of the most protected sharks in the oceans.Today, the Basking Shark is a much-loved cornerstone of our natural heritage. There are positive signs that the population has stabilised and may even be slowly recovering from the damage of the past, proving that timely conservation measures can be effective.Join us on a journey amidst wild seas, places, people and conservation history in the battle to protect this iconic creature - a true sea monster's tale.

This is a contribution to the conservation of members of the family Cambaridae. This book is focused on the evaluation of geographic changes caused by landscape scale and land use change that has impacted the ecology of North American crayfish species. The book includes chapters on geographic distributions, conservation strategies, and effects of contaminants on crayfish structure and function. Contributors include a variety of students associated with the Editor, as well as original contributions from the Editor's colleagues. From the conceptual frameworks to the case studies, Geographic Distribution, Ecological Impact, and Conservation Strategies for North American Crayfish will provide important considerations to assist in the conservation and protection of crayfish, with emphasis on stressors and actions necessary to protect and restore crayfish habitats and populations. This book is necessary for environmental and natural resource managers, researchers, and governmental agencies tasked with the protection, restoration, and management of wildlife populations.

Aquatic invasive species -- harmful, non-native plants, animals, and microorganisms living in aquatic habitats -- damage ecosystems or threaten commercial, agricultural, and recreational activities. The Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990 created the Task Force and required it to develop an aquatic nuisance species program. The Water Resources Reform and Development Act of 2014 includes a provision that the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) assess federal costs of, and spending on, aquatic invasive species. This book examines how much Task Force member agencies expended addressing aquatic invasive species for fiscal years 2012-2014; activities conducted by Task Force member agencies and challenges in addressing aquatic invasive species; and the extent to which the Task Force has measured progress in achieving the goals of its 2013-2017 strategic plan.

This book provides current research on the ecosystems of coral reefs, as well as the environmental impact and current threats to the coral reefs. Chapter One studies proteins responsive to variable temperature exposure in the reef-building coral Seriatopora hystrix. Chapters Two and Three examine the impact of arachidonic acid's (ArA) on coral reefs. The final chapter discusses environmental monitoring in the Gulf of Thailand, and the use of coral skeletons as metal pollution recorders.

The fishery products and bivalve mollusks sector is certainly one of the most complex in term of sanitary and commercial topics, considering the high number of species that require a precise identification. For all these reasons, the knowledge and the skills in this field remain prerogative of a few experts on the subject and operators who, in time and for various reasons, have acquired specific knowledge and skills. On the other hand, the evolution of community legislation, and especially the growing worldwide interest for fishery products and bivalve mollusks, requires a common system of traceability and labeling aimed at increasing the transparency in commercial transactions, facilitating the identification of the fish and mollusks species and increasing consumer confidence. In this perspective, the proposed publication stands as an easy reference tool intended for all the stakeholders involved in the Mediterranean seafood chain, and in which some essential elements of the community rules relating to inspection and control of fishery products and bivalve mollusks are revealed. The presence of illustrations will represent a quick and easy way to acquire the essential information to identify the main Mediterranean fishery products and bivalve mollusks of commercial interest.