Reliable and effective control systems are a critical component of safe and profitable operations across process industries. And many of our industrial facilities today continue to operate using legacy control systems from the past four decades that are at or near the end of their lifecycles. Migration projects to modern control systems are complex, requiring detailed upfront planning, a methodical implementation strategy and astute project management.This comprehensive collection of best practices guides you to control system migration success! Simple to follow for a broad range of control system experience levels, the handbook is: A practical application guide to walk you through the entire process from justification to vendor selection to cutover to close-out of the migration projectA thorough resource to aid the identification of common and high-risk challenges and to offer innovative, proven solutionsA concise primer of project management covering both the technical aspects of projects and the intangible factors for successA valuable roadmap providing real-world examples and anecdotes as well as usable checklists

Bringing together experts from the various disciplines involved, this first comprehensive overview of the current level of stress engineering on the nanoscale is unique in combining the theoretical fundamentals with simulation methods, model systems and characterization techniques. Essential reading for researchers in microelectronics, optoelectronics, sensing, and photonics.

In recent years, there have been important developments in the design and fabrication of new thermoelectrics. While a decade ago, progress was mainly empirical, recent advances in theoretical methods have led to a deeper understanding of the parameters that affect the performance of materials in thermoelectric devices. These have brought the goal of producing materials with the required characteristics for commercial application a significant step closer. A search for efficient materials requires a fully microscopic treatment of the charge and heat transport, and the aim of this book is to explain all thermoelectric phenomena from this modern quantum-mechanical perspective. In the first part on phenomenology, conjugate current densities and forces are derived from the condition that the rate of change of the entropy density of the system in the steady state is given by the scalar product between them. The corresponding transport coefficients are explicitly shown to satisfy Onsager's reciprocal relations. The transport equations are solved for a number of cases, and the coefficient of performance, the efficiency, and the figure of merit are computed. State-of-the-art methods for the solution of the transport equations in inhomogeneous thermoelectrics are presented. A brief account on how to include magnetization transport in the formalism is also given. In the second part, quantum mechanical expressions for the transport coefficients are derived, following the approach by Luttinger. These are shown to satisfy Onsager's relations by construction. Three lattice models, currently used to describe strongly correlated electron systems, are introduced: the Hubbard, the Falicov-Kimball, and the periodic Anderson model (PAM), and the relevant current density operators are derived for each of them. A proof of the Jonson-Mahan theorem, according to which all transport coefficients for these models can be obtained from the integral of a unique transport function multiplied by different powers of the frequency, is given. The third part compares theory and experiment. First for the thermoelectric properties of dilute magnetic alloys, where the theoretical results are obtained from poor man's scaling solutions to single impurity models. Then it is shown that the experimental data on heavy fermions and valence fluctuators are well reproduced by the transport coefficients computed for the PAM at low and high temperature. Finally, results obtained from first principles calculations are shown, after a short introduction to density functional theory and beyond. A number of useful appendices complete the book.

Polymers selected for this edition of the Handbook of Polymers include all major polymeric materials used by the plastics and other branches of the chemical industry as well as specialty polymers used in the electronics, pharmaceutical, medical, and space fields. Extensive information is included on biopolymers.

The data included in the Handbook of Polymers come from open literature (published articles, conference papers, and books), literature available from manufacturers of various grades of polymers, plastics, and finished products, and patent literature. The above sources were searched, including the most recent literature. It can be seen from the references that a large portion of the data comes from information published in 2011. This underscores one of the major goals of this undertaking, which is to provide readers with the most up-to-date information.

Frequently, data from different sources vary in a broad range and they have to be reconciled. In such cases, values closest to their average and values based on testing of the most current grades of materials are selected to provide readers with information which is characteristic of currently available products, focusing on the potential use of data in solving practical problems. In this process of verification many older data were rejected unless they have been confirmed by recently conducted studies.

Presentation of data for all polymers is based on a consistent pattern of data arrangement, although, depending on data availability, only data fields which contain actual values are included for each individual polymer. The entire scope of the data is divided into sections to make data comparison and search easy.

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Handbook of Polymers contains information on all essential data used in practical applications, research, and legislation The most sought after data for over 230 of the most widely used polymers

The most up-to-date reference data available in print

The objective of Volume II is to show how asymptotic methods, with the thickness as the small parameter, indeed provide a powerful means of justifying two-dimensional plate theories. More specifically, without any recourse to any "a priori" assumptions of a geometrical or mechanical nature, it is shown that in the linear case, the three-dimensional displacements, once properly scaled, converge in "H"1 towards a limit that satisfies the well-known two-dimensional equations of the linear Kirchhoff-Love theory; the convergence of stress is also established.

In the nonlinear case, again after "ad hoc" scalings have been performed, it is shown that the leading term of a formal asymptotic expansion of the three-dimensional solution satisfies well-known two-dimensional equations, such as those of the nonlinear Kirchhoff-Love theory, or the von Karman equations. Special attention is also given to the first convergence result obtained in this case, which leads to two-dimensional large deformation, frame-indifferent, nonlinear membrane theories. It is also demonstrated that asymptotic methods can likewise be used for justifying other lower-dimensional equations of elastic shallow shells, and the coupled pluri-dimensional equations of elastic multi-structures, i.e., structures with junctions. In each case, the existence, uniqueness or multiplicity, and regularity of solutions to the limit equations obtained in this fashion are also studied.

Surface engineering includes many facets of materials science that help regulate the function, quality, and safety of products such as automotive, textile, and electronic materials. New technologies are developing to help enhance the surface performance. Surface Engineering Techniques and Applications: Research Advancements provides recent developments in surface engineering techniques and applications. It details scientific and technological results while also giving insight to current research, economic impact, and environmental concerns so that academics, practitioners, and professionals in the field, as well as students studying these areas, can deepen their understanding of new surface processes.

Volume 4 of Formulation Science and Technology is a survey of the applications of formulations in a variety of fields, based on the theories presented in Volumes 1 and 2. It offers in-depth explanations and a wealth of real-world examples for research scientists, universities, and industry practitioners in the fields of Agrochemicals, Paints and Coatings and Food Colloids.

The monograph is devoted to the investigation of physical processes that govern the phonon transport in bulk and nanoscale single-crystal samples of cubic symmetry. Special emphasis is given to the study of phonon focusing in cubic crystals and its influence on the boundary scattering and lattice thermal conductivity of bulk materials and nanostructures.

Databook of Adhesion Promoters, Second Edition contains data on the most important adhesion promoter products in use today. Information on each adhesion promoter is divided into five sections: General Information, Physical Properties, Health and Safety, Ecological Properties, and Use and Performance. The previous edition of this book was mostly related to silanes, but many new additives have been introduced to the market, many not based on silanes but on one of 37 chemical groups of chemical compounds needed for a variety of products in which silanes do not function, are too expensive, or better performance can be achieved with these new additives. The years that have passed since publication of the first edition have also had a significant impact on sourcing and selection of adhesion promoters for different tasks. Due to mergers and acquisitions, many additives are no longer in use. Because of scientific developments, more products are based on renewable resources and selected from less toxic origins. There is also a clear tendency to limit the scope of application which can lead to many products being designed for specialized, frequently single product applications.

Volume 3 of Formulation Science and Technology is a survey of the applications of formulations in a variety of fields, based on the theories presented in Volumes 1 and 2. It offers in-depth explanations and a wealth of real-world examples for research scientists, universities, and industry practitioners in the fields of Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics and Personal Care.

This reference is designed for scientists and engineers in the field, and also suitable for students of semiconductor physics, materials science and solar technology. It provides an understanding of the fundamental problems underlying the relationship between physics, materials science and technology aspects of solar cell development. It bridges the gap between materials science and device design for solar cells.

Handbook of Material Weathering, Sixth Edition, is an essential guide to the effects of weathering on polymers and industrial products, presenting theory, stress factors, methods of weathering and testing and the effects of additives and environmental stress cracking. The book provides graphical illustrations and numerical data to examine the weathering of major polymers and industrial products, including mechanisms of degradation, effect of thermal processes, and characteristic changes in properties. The book also discusses recycling, corrosion and weathering, and the weathering of stone. This sixth edition updates this seminal work with recent developments and the latest data. Polymers and industrial plastics products are widely used in environments where they are vulnerable to the effects of weathering. Weathering stress factors can lead to deterioration or even complete failure. Material durability is therefore vital, and products for outdoor usage or actinic exposure are designed so that the effects of artificial and natural weathering are minimized. This book is an important reference source for those involved in studying material durability, producing materials for outdoor use and actinic exposure, research chemists in the photochemistry field, chemists and material scientists designing new materials, users of manufactured products, those who control the quality of manufactured products and students who want to apply their knowledge to real materials.

Hybridization is an increasingly popular paradigm in the auto industry, but one that is not fully understood by car manufacturers. In general, hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) are designed without regard to the mechanics of the power train, which is developed similarly to its counterparts in internal combustion engines. Hybrid Electric Power Train Engineering and Technology: Modeling, Control, and Simulation provides readers with an academic investigation into HEV power train design using mathematical modeling and simulation of various hybrid electric motors and control systems. This book explores the construction of the most energy efficient power trains, which is of importance to designers, manufacturers, and students of mechanical engineering. This book is part of the Research Essentials collection.

This volume brings the reader up to date on transport phenomena, including electrical and thermal conductivity and infrared properties. In addition, electron tunneling and the characteristics and applications of films are discussed; the preparation of the necessary samples has proceeded, and a sizeable body of reproducible data has become available. Pressure effects are also presented; considerable progress has been made in relating them to the crystallographic and electronic structure of high temperature superconductors. The preparation and characterization of bulk samples is also reviewed.