Foraminiferal cultures now serve as tools for researching biological, environmental, and geological topics. However, the biological backgrounds, in particular the natural histories of foraminifera, largely remain unclear. It is also true that the different techniques used in different subdisciplines are a setback to fully understanding the subject. Taken together, these factors prevent progress in experimental approaches to foraminiferal studies. This book aims to share and exchange knowledge between researchers from different subdisciplines, and the book should interest not only foraminiferal researchers but also scientists who are working with marine organisms to explore questions in relation to biology, geology, and oceanography.

This book provides the first comprehensive review of Acanthamoeba research. Everything that is known about Acanthamoeba is critically reviewed and divided into easy-to-follow sections. The book presents the current state of research on every aspect of this organism, detailing major advances in areas such as genomics, molecular and cellular biology, life cycles, geographical distribution, role in ecosystem, morphology, motility, phylogenetics, genotyping, metabolism, regulation of morphogenesis, host-parasite interactions, the molecular and immunological basis of pathogenesis, methods of transmission, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment, new target development and drug resistance, as well as its role as a Trojan horse of the microbial world, including viral, bacterial, protozoal and fungal pathogens, and much more. There is a significant emphasis on the knowledge of Acanthamoeba infections that has grown in the molecular era. In addition, this book provides a historical perspective on Acanthamoeba research that will be of considerable interest. This compilation will serve as an essential reference for microbiologists, immunologists, and physicians in the field of basic and medical microbiology, as well as an invaluable reference for new and experienced researchers who wish to understand this organism better. The book is the definitive guide to current research on this increasingly important organism.

I have written this book because there is, as in almost all supraspecific ciliate taxa, an ur- gent need for an up-to-date revision of the oxytrichids, which are common in terrestrial, limnetic, and marine biotopes. The last comprehensive, illustrated guides to this group of hypotrichs were provided by KAHL (1932) and SmLER (1974b); however, as regards syn- onymy and faunistics, these works are outdated and not as detailed as EHRENBERG'S out- standing book from 1838. In KAHL's revision, the oxytrichids sensu stricto are described on about 30 pages, whereas in the present book the systematic section comprises about 830 pages. This extraordinary increase in page number is mainly due to the following points: (i) Species number increased from about SO in KAHL to about 170 in the present book. (ii) KAHL usually provided only a single illustration of each species, whereas almost all published illustrations on oxytrichid ciliates are included in my book. (iii) Modern, phylogenetic systematics of oxytrichids without morphogenetic data is impossible; conse- quentlY,*almost all detailed descriptions, usually dealing with the type species, have been included. (iv) Synonymy is discussed, and not only mentioned, as is unfortunately usual.

The search for new producers of biologically active substances (BAS) against human and animal diseases continues to be an important task in biology and medicine. Experimental work must be carried out well in advance of need because it takes an average of ten years to develop a new medication, as well as additional time to put it on the market. Study of the Protozoa forms a special branch of biology - protozoology. The traditional fields of protozoology are taxonomy, phylogeny, morphology, cytology, evolution, ecology and host parasite-interactions. The Protozoa is the only taxon among the microscopic organisms, which has not been persistently studied as a source of BAS. This book then is the result of the research on the project: "Biologically active substances of the Mastigophora (Flagellates)." The research was carried out at the Laboratory of Antibiotics, Department of Microbiology, Biological Faculty of Moscow State University. Articles of other authors on the matter have been considered as the important part of this reference book. The goal of the reference book is to elucidate scientific approaches, which lead to obtaining biologically active substances from cultures of protozoa; the book reviews the historical background in connection with contemporary development of the field. N.N. Sukhareva ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research was performed in fruitful cooperation with my research associates (V. Urinyuk, T. Titiova, L. Udalova, R. Zeleneva, V. Brusovanik, M. Zaretskaya), postgraduate students (N. Kalenik, M. Chuenkova, V. Vasilevskaya, V. Khorokhorina), my colleagues at Moscow State University (Yu. Kozlov and I.

The spathidiids belong to the ciliate subclass Haptoria (Protozoa, Ciliophora), that is, they are predators using toxicysts to overwhelm the prey. Spathidiid ciliates prefer terrestrial and semisterrestrial habitats, but many occur also in freshwater, and some are marine.

Over 200 nominal spathidiid species have been described, sometimes based on seemingly minute differences. Thus, many protozoologists considered them as indeterminable and claimed for a detailed revision. The present monograph carefully revises the taxonomy, nomenclature, and ecology of all nominal species and shows that spathidiid diversity has been greatly underestimated. Based on the reinvestigation of described species with modern methods (silver impregnation, scanning electron microscopy) and the first description of over 50 new species, the family Spathidiidae is split into four families and 20 genera. Each species is described and figured in detail, making it unnecessary to go back to the original literature often difficult to obtain. Two identification keys are provided, viz., one for taxonomists and another, simple key for users not specifically trained in ciliate taxonomy.

This first part of the monograph contains the families Protospathidiidae, Arcuospathidiidae, and Apertospathulidae. The second part will contain the family Spathididae and a new family, the Pharyngospathidiidae. This monograph is part of our attempt to revise the free-living ciliates. The colpodids (Foissner 1993), the stichotrichine spirotrichs (Berger 1999, 2005), and the oligottichs (Agatha, in press) are already available or will be available soon.

African trypanosomes are tsetse-transmitted protozoa that inhabit the extracellular compartment of host blood. They cause fatal sleeping sickness in people, and Nagana, a wasting and generally fatal disease, in cattle. While trypanosomes are most common to Africa (about 30% of Africa's cattle graze on the fringe of the tsetse habitat), some species have spread beyond its boarders to Asia, the Middle East and South America. The African Trypanosomes, volume one of World Class Parasites, is written for researchers, students and scholars who enjoy reading research that has a major impact on human health, or agricultural productivity, and against which we have no satisfactory defense. It is intended to supplement more formal texts that cover taxonomy, life cycles, morphology, vector distribution, symptoms and treatment. It integrates vector, pathogen and host biology and celebrates the diversity of approach that comprises modern parasitological research.

The evolutionary biology of protozoa is a field in which exciting changes are taking place. Relationships between different groups of protozoa are undergoing extensive review and the revised views will have significant repercussions for future investigations. New data from molecular and ultrastructural studies have changed our perception of evolution among this diverse group of organisms in recent years. This volume, part of the Systematics Association Special Volume Series, aims to review this important area and give an up-to-date synthesis of current understanding. The various chapters are deliberately broad in scope and explore areas such as the contribution of different techniques and approaches to the understanding of protistan evolution and the biochemical and physiological aspects of that evolution; there are also chapters that analyse and explore specific protistan groups. In addition some of the chapters discuss topics that are currently very controversial within this field, such as the finding that the 18S rRNA phylogenetic tree of protozoa is probably unreliable. The world-renowned editors have assembled an international team of outstanding scientists whose contributions have produced a volume of interest to all evolutionary biologists and especially those interested in protozoa.

The techniques used to decipher the genetic makeup of species as well as epigenetic mechanisms are essential for explaining life forms and studying their DNA. As a eukaryotic model, "Paramecium" is well suited for genetic analysis. Taking a rather unconventional view of genetics, "Paramecium": Genetics and Epigenetics explores how to use this protozoan as a basis for studying complex cells.

The book discusses various aspects of "Paramecium," including the cortex, the cytoplasm, nuclei, asexual fission, conjugation, autogamy, macronuclear regeneration, cytogamy, life cycle phases, and behavior. It examines the assorted mating types of the genus and how these mating types are determined. It also elucidates some techniques that identify genetically defined genes with the DNA from a library that comprises those genes and details the genetic, epigenetic, chemical, and molecular facets of several different traits. In addition, the authors chronicle the history and reemergence of investigating RNA and DNA in "Paramecium,"

With many powerful tools now available, "Paramecium" research is entering a new frontier in molecular biology. A full account of "Paramecium "genetics, this book presents a wealth of time-consuming observations and remarkable phenomena that will lead to a better understanding of complex cells.

1 Modern biologists describe protozoa as microscopic eukaryotic organ isms with a capacity for establishing themselves in almost every con ceivable habitat provided it contains moisture in some form. In 1674 at the time when Antony von Leeuwenhoek was making his first observations of 'very small animalcules' in Berkelse Mere near his home town of Delft, this concept of the ubiquity of protozoa would have been difficult to comprehend. Leeuwenhoek's curiosity later led him to examine the body fluids, gut contents and excreta of different animals and to describe 'an inconceivably great company of living animalcules, and these of divers sorts and sizes'. Here were early des criptions of parasitic protozoa, species which later came to be recog nized as Opalina, Giardia, Trichomonas and others. Following his pioneering work in the field of microscopic observation, knowledge of protozoa has accumulated at an accelerating pace. Some 30,000 living species have been identified, and an equal number of fossil species, from habitats which range from the ocean waters to the exuvial fluid of insects. The study of protozoan nutrition is a particularly interesting aspect of this expanding field of zoology. What kind of nourishment do protozoa need, how do they acqlire it, and what influence do the answers to these two questions havE on where protozoa live? The need to determine what hId of food protozoa are utilizing in their environment is desirable in al ecological studies involving micro organisms of aquatic communities."

This is the first detailed treatment of the long-standing, previously unresolved controversy surrounding the nature of senescence in clonal cultures. Part historical review of the literature, part detective story, Sex and Death in Protozoa presents a comprehensive but entertaining discussion of the sometimes contradictory evidence for protozoan senescence and the rejuvenating effects of sex in these organisms. Drawing on Hermann Muller's "ratchet model," Dr. Bell demonstrates in a quantitative fashion how genetic recombination (an intrinsic part of the sexual process) can eliminate the deleterious effects of accumulated mutations in clonal cultures and provide the rejuvenating effects associated with mating. This well written account by one of the leading authorities in the field is indispensable reading for those interested in the genetics and cell biology of protozoa, and more generally, those researchers and students interested in the phenomenon of senescence.

This is the first detailed treatment of the long-standing, previously unresolved controversy surrounding the nature of senescence in clonal cultures. Part historical review of the literature, part detective story, Sex and Death in Protozoa presents a comprehensive but entertaining discussion of the sometimes contradictory evidence for protozoan senescence and the rejuvenating effects of sex in these organisms. Drawing on Hermann Muller's "ratchet model," Dr. Bell demonstrates in a quantitative fashion how genetic recombination (an intrinsic part of the sexual process) can eliminate the deleterious effects of accumulated mutations in clonal cultures and provide the rejuvenating effects associated with mating. This well written account by one of the leading authorities in the field is indispensable reading for those interested in the genetics and cell biology of protozoa, and more generally, those researchers and students interested in the phenomenon of senescence.

Insects are seldom mentioned in discussions surrounding human history, yet they have dramatically impacted today's societies. This book places them front and center, offering a multidisciplinary view of their significance. Diseases vectored by insects have killed more people than all weapons of war. Fleas are common pests, but some can transmit illnesses such as the bubonic plague. In fact, three pandemics can be traced back to them. Epidemics of typhus have been caused by lice. Conversely, humans have also benefitted from insects for millennia. Silk comes from silkworms and honey comes from bees. Despite the undeniably powerful effects of insects on humans, their stories are typically left out of our history books. In The Silken Thread, entomologists Robert. N. Wiedenmann and J. Ray Fisher link the history of insects to the history of empires, cultural exchanges, and warfare. The book narrows its focus to just five insects: a moth, a flea, a louse, a mosquito, and a bee. The authors explore the impact of these insects throughout time and the common threads connecting them. Using biology to complement history, they showcase these small creatures in a whole new light. On every page, the authors thoughtfully analyze the links between history and entomology. The book begins with silkworms, which have been farmed for centuries. It then moves to fleas and their involvement in the spread of the plague before introducing the role lice played in the Black Death, wars, and immigration. The following section concerns yellow fever mosquitos, emphasizing the effects of yellow fever in the Americas and the connection to sugar and slavery. After discussing the importance of western honey bees, the authors tie these five insects together in an exciting closing chapter.

The 11th Hour Series of revision guides are designed for quick reference.
The organization of these books actively involves students in the learning process and reinforces concepts. At the end of each chapter there is a test including multiple choice questions, true/false questions and short answer questions, and every answer involves an explanation. In adddition, each book contains icons in the text indicating additional support on a dedicated web page.

Students having difficulties with their courses will find this an excellent way to improve their grades.

Planktonic protists both produce and consume most of the primary production in the world ocean. They not only play key roles in the oceans but also represent an astounding amount of diversity: ecological morphological and genetic. However, for most taxa their ecology, morphology, phylogeny and biogeography are either poorly known or appear to be largely unrelated to one another; this hinders our understanding of their biology as well as interpretation of emerging genetic data. Tintinnid ciliates represent a singular exception. Compared to nearly all other groups of planktonic protists, there is a very substantial and relatively detailed literature (both modern and historical) on tintinnids. This volume synthesizes knowledge concerning a wide variety of topics ranging from anatomy and systematics, physiology, behavior, ecology (including ecological roles, predators, parasites, biogeography, and cysts) to fossil history. It will appeal to an audience ranging from advanced undergraduates to researchers in the fields of Oceanography, Marine Biology and Microbial Ecology.

Kenneth Raper tells how dictyostelids are isolated, cultivated, and conserved in the laboratory; how myxamoebae aggregate to form multicellular pseudoplasmodia; how fructifications arise by transformation of amoeboid cells into stalk cells and spores; and how similar cells can, under certain conditions, enter a sexual phase. For each known dictyostelid Professor Raper includes a complete description and photographic illustrations; one new species is described. Originally published in 1984. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Kenneth Raper tells how dictyostelids are isolated, cultivated, and conserved in the laboratory; how myxamoebae aggregate to form multicellular pseudoplasmodia; how fructifications arise by transformation of amoeboid cells into stalk cells and spores; and how similar cells can, under certain conditions, enter a sexual phase. For each known dictyostelid Professor Raper includes a complete description and photographic illustrations; one new species is described.

Originally published in 1984.

The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

An up-to-date atlas of an important fossil and living group, with the Natural History Museum. Deep-sea benthic foraminifera have played a central role in biostratigraphic, paleoecological, and paleoceanographical research for over a century. These single-celled marine protists are important because of their geographic ubiquity, distinction morphologies and rapid evolutionary rates, their abundance and diversity deep-sea sediments, and because of their utility as indicators of environmental conditions both at and below the sediment-water interface. In addition, stable isotopic data obtained from deep-sea benthic foraminiferal tests provide paleoceanographers with environmental information that is proving to be of major significance in studies of global climatic change. This work collects together, for the first time, new morphological descriptions, taxonomic placements, stratigraphic occurrence data, geographical distribution summaries, and palaeoecological information, along with state-of-the-art colour photomicrographs (most taken in reflected light, just as you would see them using light microscopy), of 300 common deep-sea benthic foraminifera species spanning the interval from Jurassic - Recent. This volume is intended as a reference and research resource for post-graduate students in micropalaeontology, geological professionals (stratigraphers, paleontologists, paleoecologists, palaeoceanographers), taxonomists, and evolutionary (paleo)biologists.

The human burden of infection caused by food-borne protozoan parasites is enormous; billions of people are infected world-wide and the DALY (disability-adjusted life year) toll due to these infections is correspondingly huge. Whilst some infections may result in mild, relatively insignificant clinical disease, others may be seriously debilitating or even fatal. This book provides detailed insights into those protozoa who are currently most relevant regarding food-borne transmission. This book is intended to be of use and interest for a range of professionals, from researchers to regulators, from diagnosticians to parasitologists to food technologists; it should be read by those who work in academia, within the various branches of the food industry and food research associations, in government regulatory agencies, and in environmental health departments.