This book analyzes the impact of Covid-19 in different areas such as corporate social responsibility and legislation in SMEs, insolvency law, behavioral finance, government interventions in markets, financial disclosure, the emergence of unregulated financial sectors, the increase of coronavirus-related crimes, and the development of banking regulations in the Covid-19 pandemic, among others. The coronavirus epidemic, which has spread throughout the world, has highlighted the inadequacies of the health and social systems of all states, even the most advanced. The health emergency has required extraordinary measures, especially at the level of laws that are essential for the preservation of lives, health, and livelihoods. The priority for governments and even the international community was, from the outset, to prevent infections and care for those affected. Such a strategy required an unusual increase in health spending, even though it exceeded the State's financial capacity and lacked fiscal space. In addition to this challenge, which has not yet been overcome, there is another, that of redressing the consequences of the measures taken (general containment). It should be pointed out that during health crises, the state may have to review the requirement for transparency because of the emergency, but not free itself from it. The urgency could never be an alibi for a violation of citizens' rights and freedoms. With urgency, financial management systems must be flexible and responsive to all occurrences, while ensuring optimal use of resources and minimizing the risks of fraud and corruption.

This book investigates the different issues of taxation, public expenditures and intervention. It covers current perspectives in public finance such as taxation of digital economy, delegating the power of taxation, the desperation of tax administration, human rights budgeting, economic growth and tax revenues, minimal state and government expenditures, consumer behaviours, incentives to green energy, and trade wars alike. The book consists of eleven chapters related to the "new public finance" issues mentioned above. The authors of the chapters also offer some policy recommendations based on their studies.

Tax by Design identifies what makes a good tax system for an open developed economy in the 21st century and suggests how the UK tax system could be reformed to move in that direction. The recommendations stress the importance of neutrality and transparency in tax design. It draws on the expert evidence from the commissioned chapters and commentaries in Dimensions of Tax Design. It also acknowledges the growing importance of globalised markets and multinational corporations as well as the challenges created by changing population demographics, the growth of new technologies, and the broadened objectives of policy makers.
The Commission's work was directed by:
Timothy Besley
Richard Blundell
Malcolm Gammie
James Poterba
The Commission's editorial team:
Stuart Adam
Stephen Bond
Robert Chote
Paul Johnson
Gareth Myles

This book offers a comprehensive assessment of the Mauritian economy and its financial system. The author investigates the pre- and post- crisis financial and economic environment of Mauritius thoroughly and looks to the future potential development of the economy. Chapters feature in-depth analysis of such aspects as the banking sector, the stock market, monetary policy, capital structure, the hedging practices of Mauritian firms, and the housing market in Mauritius, among others. Moreover, the author not only builds a credit risk model for Mauritian bankers, but also develops a financial stability model to provide the reader with a full account of the Mauritian economy. The author ends with a chapter dedicated to a 2030 vision for Mauritius. This book will be of interest to researchers, students, policy-makers, central bankers and economists who wish to explore an example of an upper-income developing economy in depth.

Containing an authoritative set of original essays, Environmental Taxation and Climate Change provides fresh insights and analysis on how environmental sustainability can be achieved through fiscal policy. Written by distinguished environmental taxation scholars from around the world, this timely volume covers a range of hotly debated subjects including carbon related taxation in OECD countries, implications of environmental tax reforms, innovative environmental taxation and behavioral strategies, as well as many other relevant topics. This up-to-date and well-informed book will appeal to policy makers in government as well as students, researchers and academics in environmental law and other academic disciplines. Contributors include: H.W. Batt, C.M. Black, N.A. Braathen, F. Carraro, E. Cela, J. de Cendra de Larragan, D. Gee, J.T. Geekie, S.-A. Joseph, S. Kaneko, A. Kennedy, H.S. Kwon, P.J. Lee, G. Panella, S.-J. Park, W. Phromlah, R. Schalkenbach, J. Sirisom, S. Speck, H. Sprohge, R.O. Tavallali, R.H. Weber, M. Yamazaki, A. Zatti

Scholars and practitioners have long hailed fiscal federalism as a critical tool for improving government services, but it has not always lived up to its promise when applied in specific countries. This book offers both an explanation for such mixed effects and a roadmap for better outcomes in the future. It argues that the benefits of fiscal federalism are contingent on a particular confluence of political institutions, namely democratic decentralization and political party integration. With this in mind, the authors emphasize the importance of striking a ''fine balance'' between the accountability benefits delivered by empowered local governments and the national coordination necessary for good policy outcomes. Such a balance can be achieved, they contend, when integrated party structures compensate for the potential downsides of a decentralized state. The book formalizes this argument for a variety of electoral democracies and, using new data on subnational political institutions, tests it with models of education, health, and infrastructure service delivery in 135 countries across 30 years. It also presents comparative case studies of Senegal and Nigeria. Academic economists and political scientists will value the book for its contribution to the literature on fiscal federalism and political decentralization, and development practitioners will benefit from its practical solutions to the problems of local governance.

First published in 1987. The reform of the welfare state in the United Kingdom is high on the agenda of all political parties and the proposals for reform, both official and private, are numerous. In this book, Professor Beenstock and his colleagues took a comprehensive account of the social security of the 1980s, as well as the tax system, as it had evolved over the Beveridge era and how it affected our incentive to work. The book describes the theory of labour supply decisions in their relationship to the tax benefit system. It illustrates how tax and social security arrangements affected labour supply decisions as well as monitoring how these decisions had evolved over the post-war period. It also considers retirement decisions in the UK as well as the government's plans to reform the social security system.

Originally published in 1985. This book examines the scope of the industry and also focuses on issues relevant to it, divided into three sections: an overview of the American nuclear power industry, an examination of the nuclear power plant licensing process and issues that face the nuclear industry, and selected case studies that illustrate issues discussed in the previous section. The growth and future of the nuclear power plant industry is discussed and industry-wide trends and relevant data are presented providing background information on the scope, diversity, capacity, and control of nuclear power in the United States. Issues examined concern safety; environmental, geological, and natural phenomenon matters; and anti-trust. The in-depth case studies on the status of selected nuclear power plants include: Three Mile Island, Enrico Fermi, Seabrook, Indian Point, R. E. Inna, Diablo Canyon, and Browns Ferry.

Pension Systems enters into the current lively debate on European pensions. The focus of the book is the analysis of public intervention in individuals' retirement choice, its rationale and the desirability of legislation introducing a sizeable and compulsory increase in retirement age, to face the prospects of swift population ageing. The book assesses the impact of different retirement rules on individual decisions, on the sustainability of social security systems and on labour market dynamics, and inquires whether mandatory retirement has not become an outdated feature of modern pension systems. The motivations behind public intervention in fixing compulsory retirement rules as well as the likely consequences of allowing the individual a higher responsibility in retirement choices are analysed. These issues are examined both theoretically and empirically and through a focus on country-specific patterns of retirement and on policy issues relevant at the European level. The impact of later retirement on the labour market is also investigated, considering the role of retirement rules in increasing employment. This comprehensive and topical book will appeal to academics and scholars of public finance as well as pensions experts and organisations.

This volume is a collection of empirical and theoretical research papers regarding economics, public finance and business written by researchers from several different universities. It also includes a wide range of topics concerning issues in economics, public finance and business. This book is aimed at educators, researchers and students interested in these fields.

This book examines existing mineral fiscal policies covering income taxation, royalties, free carried and participative (community and government) interests and also highlights the impacts of these policies on the feasibility of mineral projects as well as on revenue and other benefits to the State. While publications already exist on the subject matter, they have invariably approached the topic primarily from a Government standpoint rather than the mining industry. This book aims to provide a balance in this debate by comparing the financial outcomes gained or foregone by both Government and industry under different policy regimes. The discussions are supported by quantitative examples to more clearly articulate the potential outcomes and better inform future fiscal policy decisions.

This book offers an analysis of China in its muddling through of financial reforms towards adopting a local real property tax. The research is designed to serve dual purposes. First, it is an effort to provide an independent perspective on an urgent public policy under consideration by the Chinese government and to reflect upon this policy's process, which started over a dozen years ago yet is still in the fermenting stage with no sight of fruition. Additionally, this project is intended to share China's experience with other developing and transitional countries, so they can discern the difficulties China has faced and understand what may entangle them in the modernization of their taxation systems.

This book covers a broad range of the most challenging topics in US international taxation laws before breaking into separate discussions of the issues related to both inbound and outbound taxes. Real examples and selected seminal cases are analysed at the end of each chapter to simplify even the most abstract tax provisions. Practitioners, academics, and advanced students specializing in specific areas of international finance will welcome this comprehensive overview of the US tax system's international laws.

This book addresses the nexus of issues exploring governance structures and mechanisms in public service organizations, thus contributing to the development of disciplines that focus on public management. It goes beyond the state of the art by addressing a number of specific issues in a more systematic fashion. The book's interdisciplinary focus is a particularly valuable asset, as its topic is situated at the crossroads of a number of fields, including public management, business administration, corporate governance, policy studies, political science, sociology, and third sector studies, all of which offer important perspectives and are important for the development of public management and public services. The book covers more than Italy and Norway and focuses specifically on public service organizations, addressing more aspects of their governance structures and mechanisms than any other book available today. The unique presentation of features related to the governance and management of different actors (state-owned enterprises, local public utilities, ministries, municipalities, citizens, etc.), involved at different levels in the production and provision of public services, makes it possible to compare and contrast these different perspectives and opens new avenues of theoretical collaboration and development.

Why have Americans severely limited the estate and gift tax - ostensibly targeted at only the very wealthy - but greatly expanded the subsidies to low-wage workers through the Earned Income Tax Credit, now the single largest poverty program in the country? Why do people hate the property tax so much, yet seemingly revolt against it only during periods of economic change? Why are some groups of taxpayers more obedient to the tax authorities than others, even when they face the same enforcement regime? These puzzling questions all revolve around perceptions of tax fairness. Is the public simply inconsistent? A sympathetic and unified explanation for these attitudes is based on understanding the everyday psychology of fairness and how it comes to be applied in taxation. This book demonstrates how a serious consideration of 'folk justice' can deepen our understanding of how tax systems actually function and how they can perhaps be reformed.

The papers in this volume explore various issues relating to theories of individual and collective choice, and theories of social welfare. The topics include individual and collective rationality, motivation and intention in economics, coercion, public goods, climate change, and voting theory. The book offers an excellent overview over latest research in these fields.

The OECD's guidance on combatting tax avoidance strategies associated with Base Erosion and Profit Sharing (BEPS) methods is complex and accompanied by a wealth of literature. This book is the first to provide a concise and accessible overview of counter BEPS measures in the OECD Model and Commentary, allowing readers to gain a practical understanding of how the measures can impact the taxation of bilateral investments protected by tax treaties. Key features include: Practical analysis of tax treaties from the perspective of the country which is the destination of foreign investment Chapters that explore specific aspects of doing business in a destination country which employs the measures set out in the OECD Model and Commentary Explanation of how BEPS treaty rules affect a range of corporate tax strategies including: permanent establishment, use of corporate vehicles and intra-group transactions Information on administrative matters associated with BEPS, focusing on dispute settlement and cooperation in enforcement. Providing a succinct and practical approach to the topic, this book will be an insightful resource for those practising in the field of international taxation as well as corporate in-house counsel. Researchers and students seeking clear information on BEPS and its real world application affecting tax treaties will also benefit from this concise guide.

A complete guide to sovereign wealth funds written by and for industry practitioners

Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) aren't new, but they are often misunderstood. As they've attracted more attention over the last decade and grown greatly in size, the need for a new and thorough resource on SWFs has never been greater. These funds will only grow more important over the coming years. In this book, expert authors who work in the industry present a comprehensive look at SWFs from the perspective of western investors.

This book is a comprehensive analysis of the major issues in state sales taxation. Topics such as taxation of services, mergers and acquisitions, nonprofit organizations, media, religious organizations, and international companies are analyzed by a group of the nation's leading experts on state taxation, including representatives of industry, government, and academia. The book identifies long-term qualitative and quantitative trends in the sales tax base and rates. Likely policy changes during the next decade are pinpointed and their implications discussed. Emerging sales tax problems are identified and analyzed, and techniques for integrating equity in sales tax design are included.

This unique volume will be of interest to tax planners and managers in business, and tax policy-makers and administrators in state and local governments.

This work, first published in 1913, deals with the causes which led to the imposition of the various taxes which were levied down to and including the first income tax act (1799). Indeed, for an understanding of the system of taxation of the nineteenth century a knowledge of that which preceded it is necessary. The author begins by an explanation of the Tudor and Stuart finances before the time of the civil war at which point the break-down of the former system, as well as the need for a much larger revenue, resulted in important changes in the method of taxation.

This book, first published in 1971, presents an analysis of the taxes levied on wealth or capital - death duties, annual wealth taxes and capital gains taxes. It provides a comprehensive study of these taxes, and recommends a series of measures, including the replacement of certain taxes, that would promote equality. The book also provides a masterly historical summary of death duties in the UK.

This book, first published in 1989, assesses the existing tax and benefit systems as being beyond repair, and examines the case for integration. Integrated tax/benefit systems change the basis of entitlement from contribution record and contingency to citizenship and need. Having shown that full integration is not realistic, the author discusses four major partial integration options in detail. Basing her comparison on detailed analysis of specific models, she is able to compare the redistributive and incentive efforts of each scheme.

In this book, first published in 1939, an analysis is given of the incidence both of partial income taxes, that is of income taxes which are levied on the incomes arising from particular lines of industry, and of a general income tax.

One of the most important functions of modern government is to marshal and deploy resources to achieve desired objectives and outcomes. This task is overseen by the Central Budget Agencies (such as Ministries of Finance and Treasuries) who have the responsibility of generating tax revenue, and controlling and allocating public expenditure. This extensive comparative study investigates the changing nature and role of Central Budget Agencies (CBAs) in ten countries reflecting a spectrum of different institutional and constitutional contexts. Eighteen expert contributors offer detailed accounts of the various trajectories that have occurred within their respective CBAs, set against the changing political environment in which they operate. A recurring theme throughout is an evaluation of the power and agenda-setting roles of CBAs, assessing how their influence has grown or waned over time. An important feature of the book is that each chapter attempts to incorporate external scholarly analyses with internal practitioner views. Four key areas are examined in each of the CBAs, including: * the changing roles and responsibilities of CBAs * the politics of the budget process and the influence of CBAs * administrative and post-administrative cultures inside government * future prospects and directions for the CBAs. The original research presented in this book provides a new window into the world of CBAs, adding an important contribution to the scholarly research on public finance and government budgeting. It will also assist many CBAs to re-evaluate their roles and contributions to public budgeting and public sector management. This volume is required reading for anyone wanting to gain greater insight into whether CBAs really are the best guardians of the public purse.

This volume covers the proceedings of the ZAFIN Finance and Sustainability conference, organized by the Wroclaw University of Economics in cooperation with the Corvinus University of Budapest and the University of Economics in Prague. The authors analyze a variety of issues related to recent finance problems, including corporate finance, public finance, monetary and fiscal policy issues, and risk management. The book also discusses topics related to sustainable finance, the transition to green economies, corporate sustainability and sustainable development. The target audience for this book includes researchers at universities and research and policy institutions, graduate students, and practitioners in economics, finance and international economics working for private or government institutions.