Most Americans view traffic congestion as the most serious environmental problem facing communities today. While overwhelming public sentiment has forced local governments to employ a variety of anticongestion strategies, it has been difficult to gauge their efficacy. Only one thing is certain: most residents of metropolitan areas believe that traffic congestion is getting worse, not better. anticongestion programmes. Drawing on a significant body of research from transportation experts and land-use planners, the book examines the advantages and disadvantages of various strategies, considers the causes of worsening traffic problems, weighs efforts to remedy or reduce their intensification, and identifies the most effective remedies. This edition contains wholly new chapters on the fundamental cause of congestion, how bad it is across the country, how much congestion is caused by accidents and other incidents, whether expanding public transport capacity can help overcome congestion, and the detailed dynamics of how congestion arises on major expressways each day. co-operation among localities. He also argues that building enough new roads to fully alleviate current peak-hour traffic congestion is too costly, and is already impossible in many of the world's largest metropolitan areas. He believes major expansion of public transportation - though possibly desirable to increase mobility - will not decrease congestion much. And he concludes that rationing roads would be unrealistic and ineffective. Since none of these possibilities is practical, Downs seeks to explore why traffic congestion has arisen in our society, why is it getting more intensive, and why it cannot be eliminated entirely.

"Everything should be made as simple as possible-but not simpler" Albert Einstein Traffic Theory, like all other sciences, aims at understanding and improving a physical phenomenon. The phenomenon addressed by Traffic Theory is, of course, automobile traffic, and the problems associated with it such as traffic congestion. But what causes congestion? Some time in the 1970s, Doxiades coined the term "oikomenopolis" (and "oikistics") to describe the world as man's living space. In Doxiades' terms, persons are associated with a living space around them, which describes the range that they can cover through personal presence. In the days of old, when the movement of people was limited to walking, an individual oikomenopolis did not intersect many others. The automobile changed all that. The term "range of good" was also coined to describe the maximal distance a person can and is willing to go in order to do something useful or buy something. Traffic congestion is caused by the intersection of a multitude of such "ranges of good" of many people exercising their range utilisation at the same time. Urban structures containing desirable structures contribute to this intersection of "ranges of good." xii Preface In a biblical mood, I opened a 1970 paper entitled "Traffic Control -- From Hand Signals to Computers" with the sentence: "In the beginning there was the Ford."

"Pick a good model and stay with it," Henry Ford once said. No, he was not talking about cars; he was talking about marriage. Was Clara Bryant Ford a "good model"? Her husband of fifty-nine years seems to have thought so. He called her "The Believer," and indeed Clara's unwavering support of Henry's pursuits and her patient tolerance of the quirks and obsessions that accompanied her husband's genius made it possible for him to change the world. In telling the story of "Clara Ford", author Ford Bryan also charts the course of the growing automobile industry and the life of the enigmatic man at its helm. But the book's heart is Clara herself-daughter, sister, wife, mother, and grandmother; cook, gardener, and dancer; modest philanthropist and quiet role model. Clara is newly revealed in accounts and documents gleaned from personal papers, oral histories, and archival material never made public until now.

Subaru and Jaguar provide outstanding examples of what can be achieved when brand development and relationship marketing are combined to create a world class brand. Subaru achieved victory in the World Rally Championship. Jaguar are now an important new player in Grand Prix racing. This book tells the inside stories behind these campaigns and brand building strategies, and will be of interest as compelling case studies of sports sponsorship and brand development.

An account of the Japanese automobile industry, which focuses on its business success as a relative latecomer to the worldwide market. It profiles the leading producers, such as Toyota, Nissan, Honda and Mitsubishi, and highlights the features of their success in management and design.

Providing an in-depth case study of a highly successful public-private partnership, this book offers valuable insights for privatizing an existing public service. A mix of theory and empirical analysis, the study initially creates and explains a model for the Privatization Transfer Process, which serves as a guide for contracting out services. Drawing on the experience of the Orlando Orange County Expressway Authority when it privatized toll road operations, the book traces the steps taken through the initial decision to privatize, the creation of the Request for Proposal, and the review and rating of three bidder responses. It then follows the awarding of the bid to the Florida Toll Services and the transition from public to private control.

The book also considers technical and pricing concerns as well as issues pertaining to contract management. In conclusion, it evaluates the entire effort. By offering a detailed analysis of a very successful privatization experience, the book provides a useful tool for those concerned with privatization issues.

Questions the science and reasoning behind governmental regulations limiting motorists' personal mobility. The book examines the Kyoto summit, treaty proposals, new clean air standards, the deterioration of the US road system, safety, and the uncertainty about the roles of various climatic factors.

Transit services in the United States are in trouble. Ridership has dwindled, productivity has declined, and operating deficits have widened. The traditional approaches to running transit systems--government planning or operation of bus and rail services, government subsidization of private operations, heavy regulation of all transit modes--have failed, and there is little hope of their ever succeeding under current practices. But public transportation cannot simply be abandoned. Can it, then, be made more self-supporting and efficient? The authors of this book say it's time to rethink the fundamental structure of transit policy. The book focuses on street-based transit--buses, shuttles, and jitneys. (While street-based transit in the U.S. today usually means bus service, in other times and places streets have also been served by smaller vehicles called jitneys that follow a route but not a schedule.) The authors examine a variety of transit services: jitney services from America's past, illegal jitneys today, airport shuttle van services, bus deregulation in Great Britain, and jitney services in less developed countries. The authors propose that urban transit be brought into the fold of market activity by establishing property rights not only in vehicles, but also in curb zones and transit stops. Market competition and entrepreneurship would depend on a foundation of what they call " curb rights." By creating exclusive and transferable curb rights (to bus stops and other pickup points) leased by auction, the authors contend that American cities can have the best of both kinds of markets--scheduled (and unsubsidized) bus service and unscheduled but faster and more flexiblejitneys. They maintain that a carefully planned transit system based on property rights would rid the transit market of inefficient government production and overregulation. It would also avoid the problems of a lawless market--cutthroat competition, schedule jockeying, and even curbside conflict among rival operators. Entrepreneurs would be able to introduce ever better service, revise schedules and route structures, establish connections among transit providers, and use new pricing strategies. And travelers would find public transit more attractive than they do now. Once the system of curb rights is sensibly implemented, the authors conclude, the market process will take over. Then the invisible hand can do in transit what it does so well in other parts of the economy.

This work surveys the various switching technologies, shows how to evaluate the performance of ATM networks and enables the reader to implement teletraffic control via connection admission control (CAC) and other traffic control methods. The text introduces the non-parametric approach for CAC and dimensioning and offers the hybrid CAC as an alternative solution to traffic control.

This book bring together the basic documents needed for reaching an informed judgment on the central ethical question in the Pinto case: did Ford Motor Company act ethically in designing the Pinto fuel system and in deciding not to upgrade the integrity of that system until 1978? The five parts of this book cover the case, cost-benefit analysis, whistle blowing, product liability, and government regulations.

This volume, the first to result from the Diebold Institute Information-Based Infrastructure Project, explores the links between business and government in the development of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) technology. The work focuses on road and vehicular infrastructures, comparing those of the U.S., Europe, and Japan, and the roles that ITS can play in solving major current and anticipated future transportational problems. Special attention is given to environmental and economic concerns.

The world's infrastructure requires refurbishing, but it especially requires rethinking. The computer has transformed business enterprises and now information technology can change our environment. This book explores the benefits and how to achieve them through the use of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). The implementation of ITS will potentially lead to individual drivers, fleet operators, and public transit users saving vast amounts of journey time and fuel, to a significant reduction in pollution and to improved road safety. The Japanese are ahead of the U.S. and Europe in the area of intelligent transportation systems, using position location devices, and electronic maps.

Most look at this development as one that helps speed passenger cars, but this book details the economics which point to the technology being equally good for speeding trucks and easing the movement of freight. Traffic avoidance is only part of the problem although route guidance is helpful. Financing of projects in ITS is an important area for innovation and ITS could be a source of revenue to municipalities rather than an expense.

Japanese carmaker Honda has pioneered a new breed of multinational enterprise - true manufacturing at the global scale. Honda has been a leader in confounding predictions that Japan's carmakers would and could never transfer their success abroad, and that a wholesale 'Japanization' of the west would be provoked if they did. The book covers manufacture, research and development, sourcing of components, human resources and labour relations, collaboration with western firms, political controversy, and the role of concepts and ideas, in Japan, North America, and Europe.

As the recent shake-up at GM underscores, the new global economy has widened the cracks and stresses in the American auto industry. But, as this new edition of the highly regarded Sustaining Hand reminds us, the auto industry remains a central if volatile player in American urban politics.

In this significantly revised update, Bryan Jones and Lynn Bachelor have extended and refined their analysis of Detroit-area automakers and political leaders negotiating the selection of new factory sites (and thus the addition of thousands of jobs to the local economy). Their thorough revision develops a crucial new concept--solution sets--updates all plant location decisions reported in the first edition, and adds an instructive new case study--the Chrysler Jefferson Avenue plant in Detroit.

This book seeks to uncover the linkages between business leaders(motivated by profit) and political decision makers (motivated by electoral gain) by examining the responses of public officials in three Michigan "auto cities"--Detroit, Flint, and Pontiac--to plant-location choices made by General Motors and Chrysler. Throughout, the authors focus on three issues-the relationship between the local industrial economy and the local political system, the structure of urban politics, and the degree of independence of political decision makers in urban affairs.

As Jones and Bachelor show, urban regimes, in their efforts to shore up sagging economies, develop characteristic solution-sets that are applied almost routinely to superficially similar situations. In fact, they contend, it's rare for a regime to start with a problem and search for a policy solution. Instead, through a pattern of interactions among politicians, business executives, labor unions, and other interested parties, a "package" of problem-definitions and preferred solutions emerges. But if applied indiscriminately, these solutions can become dysfunctional, which in turn may attract new participants to the policy process and ultimately alter the regime's character.

"An excellent case analysis of urban political economy. . . interesting, sophisticated, well written. It is sure to be widely discussed."--Clarence N. Stone, author of "Urban Policy and Politics in a Bureaucratic Age" and "Economic Growth and Neighborhood Discontent."

"This new version makes significant new contributions to both the urban politics and public policy literatures, and indeed marries them in an utterly unique way. The concept of solution sets is brilliant, and I assume that it will be much discussed and utilized in the urban literature."--Dennis Judd, author of "The Politics of American Cities: Private Power and Public Policy."

Praise for the first edition:

"An excellent book. The authors demonstrate a considerable capacity for theoretical innovation and a rare appreciation of the detail and complexity of local economic development. This book is a model for those who would like to situate the local economic development process in a more general analytical framework."--"Urban Studies"

"A provocative addition to the literature"--"Choice"

A survey of the development of the automobile industry from its origins to the present in a perspective informed by current upheavals in markets, technology and work organization. The volume examines the international diffusion of the Fordist model, Fordism being the manufacture of standardized products using special-purpose machinery and unskilled labour. The book goes on to consider how far the recent changes in the industry mark a break with Fordism and draws on the implications for industrial relations and trade union strategy.

Travel between southwestern towns at the turn of the century was an arduous experience. There were no longer any stagecoaches to carry travelers. Railroads did criss-cross the region, but they did not go through every burg. Motor cars were appearing, but not everyone could afford them. W. B. Chenoweth saw this void in transportation service. He designed a six-cylinder "motor driven stage coach," and in 1907 he coaxed a few passengers into the vehicle for a trip from Colorado City to Snyder, Texas.
As soon as passengers became used to Chenoweth's noisy coaches, the dusty paths, and, most important, the quicker trips, motor-coach wildcatters began to crop up across the Southwest. Bus companies grew, merged, and absorbed smaller companies.
Author Jack Rhodes has interviewed dozens of owners, executives, drivers, and ticket agents in his research for this book. Those interested in business history or the cultural elements of the era's buses, represented here in dozens of period photographs, will find this an engaging read.

The bus system that came to be known as the Greyhound Bus Company was founded by Carl Eric Wickman, an enterprising Swede of Hibbing, Minnesota. The first bus was a seven-passenger Hupmobile touring car that was used to transport miners across the Mesaba Iron Range to and from work. Wickman was soon joined by another Swede, Andrew Anderson, and they began operating in earnest the route from a saloon in Hibbing to the fire-hall in Alice. From this lowly beginning grew the Greyhound Corporation, a multi-million dollar company which, through the years, has owned everything from a chain of hamburger restaurants to a soap company.

Advanced Seat Suspension Control System Design for Heavy Duty Vehicles provides systematic knowledge of the advanced seat suspension design and control for heavy duty vehicles. Nowadays, people are paying more and more attention to ride comfort and the health of drivers and passengers. This is especially for heavy duty vehicles, where drivers/operators are exposed to much severer vibrations than those in passenger vehicles due to a harsh working environment, operating conditions, and long hour driving, etc. Seat suspension systems can effectively help to suppress the high magnitude vibration transmitted to drivers with relatively simple structure and low cost, and hence are widely adopted in heavy duty vehicles. This book helps researchers and engineers to have a comprehensive understanding of the seat suspension system and to conduct in-depth studies on seat suspension design and control; this book covers a wide range of perspectives about seat suspension design and control methods.

The automotive sector represents more than a simple industry. It embodies the economic and technological power of nations, the lifestyle and consumption patterns of societies, the dynamics of urban and territorial development, and acts as a national barometer of economic success and failure. This book explains how the car industry works and analyses the challenges both for the sector and for the economies that rely on the industry for jobs, growth and innovation. It explores an industry that has been under severe pressure in industrialized countries for many years - factories have closed, jobs have gone and brands and manufacturers have disappeared - yet world production has never been higher, reaching new peaks annually. The authors investigate how western and Japanese manufacturers still dominate the market, despite the challenge posed by Korean, Chinese and Indian competitors. They examine how changing environmental policies and consumer preferences are moving the industry towards electric vehicles; how usage patterns are evolving, favouring car-sharing; and how advances in electronics and digitalization are set to further reshape the sector with autonomous and self-driving vehicles. The book offers readers a short, non-technical guide to the workings of a fast-moving industry that remains of huge importance to both national and global economies.

Drive the streets of Nairobi and you are sure to see many matatus colorful minibuses that transport huge numbers of people around the city. Once ramshackle affairs held together with duct tape and wire, matatus today are name-brand vehicles maxed out with aftermarket detailing. They can be stately black or come in extravagant colors, sporting names, slogans, or entire tableaus, with airbrushed portraits of everyone from Kanye West to Barack Obama, of athletes, movie stars, or the most famous face of all: Jesus Christ. In this richly interdisciplinary book, Kenda Mutongi explores the history of the matatu from the 1960s to the present. As Mutongi shows, matatus offer a window onto many socioeconomic and political facets of late-twentieth-century Africa. In their diversity of idiosyncratic designs they express multiple and divergent aspects of Kenyan life including rapid urbanization, organized crime, entrepreneurship, social insecurity, the transition to democracy, chaos and congestion, popular culture, and many others at once embodying both Kenya's staggering social problems and the bright promises of its future. Offering a shining model of interdisciplinary analysis, Mutongi mixes historical, ethnographic, literary, linguistic, and economic approaches to tell the story of the matatu as a powerful expression of the entrepreneurial aesthetics of the postcolonial world.

Weigh-in-motion (WIM) is a process of measuring the dynamic tire forces of a moving vehicle and estimating the corresponding tire loads of the static vehicle. This collection of lectures from the International Conference on Weigh-in-Motion details applications such as: collection of statistical traffic data, support of commercial vehicle enforcement, roadway and bridge cost allocation, and traffic management.

UPDATED 2018. This wonderfully illustrated book begins with a history of the truck, covering its origins, evolution, and the early pioneers of truck design and engineering. A wide variety of trucks are featured, with more than 700 photographs, from general load carriers such as box vans and furniture- removal vans, to specialized vehicles such as fire trucks, military trucks and mobile cranes. Trucks from Europe, North America and many other countries are discussed, highlighting differences in design and the manufacturers who made them. Each vehicle is put into historical context, showing its uses, how it reached its current position in the market, or how production resulted in its demise. A history of the truck spans its origins and evolution, from the early pioneers to today's modern load carriers. This is followed by a comprehensive reference to every type of truck: general load carriers, box vans, curtainsiders and tankers, the book features a range of specialized trucks such as concrete mixers, self-loading trucks, furniture-removal vans, refuse trucks, fire trucks, recovery trucks, logging trucks, heavy-haulage trucks, military trucks and mobile cranes. A newly updated photographic A-Z directory of over 280 makes, including all the most successful manufacturers as well as many lesser-known brands.

Speeding is defined as exceeding posted speed limits or driving too fast for conditions. This is a behaviour that some drivers engage in without recognising the risks or seriously considering the consequences. The most serious consequences of speeding are the fatalities and serious injuries that result from crashes. Over the last ten years, speeding has been consistently identified as a contributing factor in nearly one-third of all roadway fatalities nation-wide. Crashes involving speeding occur on all road types but are particularly prevalent on the local rural road system. This book provides information on how to develop a Speed Management Program that is tailored to meet the needs of local rural road practitioners. A Speed Management Program can be effective in lowering the number of speeding crashes and the resulting fatalities and serious injuries on local rural roads. Non-motorised modes of travel can also be expected along these roads. Non-motorised transportation is primarily comprised of biking, walking, equestrian, and horse-drawn vehicles but may also include other non-powered transportation devices. This book is also a guide to assist local rural road practitioners in making effective use of current practices and resources addressing non-motorised mobility and safety, thereby creating a more accommodating and viable transportation system for all road users.

Commercial vehicles such as tractor trailers and school buses must be operated by skilled drivers who are mentally and physically capable of performing their jobs safely. Prior Governmental Accountability Office (GAO) work has shown weaknesses in the Department of Transportation's (DOTs) oversight of Commercial Drivers License (CDL) holders, such as inadequate medical certifications for commercial drivers, which potentially put the public at risk. This book examines key controls designed to prevent medically unfit or impaired commercial drivers from operating commercial vehicles.

A wide array of federal incentives support the development and deployment of alternatives to conventional fuels and engines in transportation. These incentives include tax deductions and credits for vehicle purchases and the installation of refuelling systems, federal grants for conversion of older vehicles to new technologies, mandates for the use of biofuels, and incentives for manufacturers to produce alternative vehicles. Many of the policy choices presented for alternative fuel and advanced vehicle technologies originated as a response to the nation's interest in reducing petroleum imports. This book examines the current array of incentives, which do not reflect a single, comprehensive strategy, but rather an aggregative approach to a range of discreet public policy issues, including improving environmental quality, expanding domestic manufacturing, and promoting agriculture and rural developments.

The ultimate objective for the book is to be a useful tool to increase awareness surrounding the importance of the use and the proper adjustment of highly rated head restraints according to scientific evidence, highlight the benefits of various prevention strategies and discuss future directions in neck injury and whiplash prevention.