At a time when scientific and technical innovation now requires a multitude of heterogeneous inputs and expertise from the public and private sectors alike, cooperative research centers (CRCs) have emerged as the predominant vehicle for cross-sector collaboration. In the U.S. alone, there are thousands of CRCs on university campuses, and agencies like the National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, Department of Defense, and more recently the Department of Energy fund CRCs to address some of the nation's most formidable challenges with science and technology, including cancer and other diseases, terrorism surveillance and the detection of weapons of mass destruction, and new energy technologies and smart energy grid development. Industry oftentimes participates in CRCs for access to knowledge, capacity development, and to mitigate risk. This volume includes research investigating CRCs from North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia to explore the dynamics of CRCs, including but not limited to resource allocation, structure, level of sponsorship, organization and membership, management and operations, objectives and goals, and in doing so identifies both differences and similarities across institutional and national contexts. The volume sheds light on the role of CRCs in promoting innovation, S&T policy, and economic development, and on the practical aspects of successful CRC management. Moreover, the works included in the volume consider the implications for the various stakeholder groups (firms, universities, researchers, students, policymakers) invested in CRCs.

This volume points out how the increasing need for scientists in this country can be lessened by utilizing a long overlooked pool of scientific talent in those persons who are scientifically oriented but who happen to have physical or sensory disabilities. Robert A. Weisgerber argues that the main obstacle to the mainstreaming of the disabled is the reluctance of the nondisabled to offer opportunities and support. By speaking positively to the disabled concerning current recruitment efforts within the educational and the professional scientific communities, and to the public regarding the capability, energy, and competence of many disabled persons, this discussion aims to break down barriers.

An important part of the text is comprised of 21 success stories of college students and career scientists, all disabled yet highly motivated and excelling in their field. Together they can encourage other disabled persons to consider careers in the sciences, provide support for their families and teachers, and remind the caring public to view disabilities in their proper perspective. The technical results of the research conducted appear in the appendix, and suggestions for increasing opportunities for the disabled, educating the scientific profession about their qualifications, and improving relevant information services conclude the study.

Mounting global competition, rapid technological change, and skyrocketing research costs are changing the arM's-length relationships between industry and universities toward closer and more direct cooperation. Yet, many companies remain unsure how to proceed in establishing effective alliances with the right universities and faculty investigators. Many books and articles describe features and benefits of the diverse forms of cooperation between the two communities, usually from the academic viewpoint. Based on his experiences in directing many (successful) collaborations between Du Pont and research universities, Carboni offers fresh insights and practical guidelines for planning, organizing, and conducting effective bilateral research initiatives, from the corporate perspective. Strategies and techniques are outlined, which enable managers and technical professionals to deal with major issues and problems throughout every phase of the undertaking.

A historical analysis helps the reader to understand the forces and events that have shaped the changing relationships between industry, academia, and government since World War II. The advantages and pitfalls of major types of industry-university research interactions are described so that the reader may evaluate and choose the best options for his or her company's needs and circumstances. The reader is shown how to analyze the key technical issues and gaps of his or her company as a basis for selecting a balanced portfolio of university projects. Factors to be considered in choosing suitable faculty investigators are discussed. For less experienced managers, the book offers suggestions for obtaining executive and in-house support, negotiating research agreements, and evaluating and transferring key scientific and technological findings to the organization for exploitation. This book is a valuable desk-side resource for corporate executives and technical staffs who seek fresh insights and information concerning the role, conduct, and potential impact of university collaborations on the company missions. The treatise enables academic and government scientists, research administrators, and consultants to acquire a deeper understanding of corporate needs, values, and expectations from these alliances.

An introductory perspective on selected issues related to Federal STI policies. Contributors describe aspects of the existing system and suggest possible strategies for improvement. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.An introductory perspective on selected issues related to Federal ST

This interdisciplinary collection ofessays probes the impact of the market economy on art and science in the post-Berlin Wall era.

"Part One: Science for Sale," A Dollar Green Science Scene, focuses on new alliances of contemporary science and education with commercial funding, and the commodification of knowledge. Among the questions addressed here are: Does proximity to economic power eclipse freedom of knowledge? When science and education become businesses, what are the risks for a sell-out of patented knowledge, an abuse of research for business purposes or a commercialization of symbolic power?

"Part Two: Art for Sale, Buy Buy Art," elaborates on the multifaceted and ambiguous relationship between art and capital. Contemporary art claims to be autonomous, but art costs money and artists cannot survive on their love for art alone. How do artists respond to the rise of economic strictures in modern culture in general and the art market in particular? When works of art become investments, can art still be critical of economic injustice? What role remains for the artist in a global, late-capitalist society?

"Part Two: Art for Sale, Buy Buy Art," elaborates on the multifaceted and ambiguous relationship between art and capital. Contemporary art claims to be autonomous, but art costs money and artists cannot survive on their love for art alone. How do artists respond to the rise of economic strictures in modern culture in general and the art market in particular? When works of art become investments, can art still be critical of economic injustice? What role remains for the artist in a global, late-capitalist society?

"Part Two: Art for Sale, Buy Buy Art," elaborates on the multifaceted and ambiguous relationship between art and capital. Contemporary art claims to be autonomous, but art costs money and artists cannot survive on their love for art alone. How do artists respond to the rise of economic strictures in modern culture in general and the art market in particular? When works of art become investments, can art still be critical of economic injustice? What role remains for the artist in a global, late-capitalist society?

Part Two: Art for Sale, Buy Buy Art, elaborates on the multifaceted and ambiguous relationship between art and capital. Contemporary art claims to be autonomous, but art costs money and artists cannot survive on their love for art alone. How do artists respond to the rise of economic strictures in modern culture in general and the art market in particular? When works of art become investments, can art still be critical of economic injustice? What role remains for the artist in a global, late-capitalist society?

"Part Two: Art for Sale, Buy Buy Art," elaborates on the multifaceted and ambiguous relationship between art and capital. Contemporary art claims to be autonomous, but art costs money and artists cannot survive on their love for art alone. How do artists respond to the rise of economic strictures in modern culture in general and the art market in particular? When works of art become investments, can art still be critical of economic injustice? What role remains for the artist in a global, late-capitalist society?

"Part Two: Art for Sale, Buy Buy Art," elaborates on the multifaceted and ambiguous relationship between art and capital. Contemporary art claims to be autonomous, but art costs money and artists cannot survive on their love for art alone. How do artists respond to the rise of economic strictures in modern culture in general and the art market in particular? When works of art become investments, can art still be critical of economic injustice? What role remains for the artist in a global, late-capitalist society?

"Part Two: Art for Sale, Buy Buy Art," elaborates on the multifaceted and ambiguous relationship between art and capital. Contemporary art claims to be autonomous, but art costs money and artists cannot survive on their love for art alone. How do artists respond to the rise of economic strictures in modern culture in general and the art market in particular? When works of art become investments, can art still be critical of economic injustice? What role remains for the artist in a global, late-capitalist society?

Part Two: Art for Sale, Buy Buy Art, elaborates on the multifaceted and ambiguous relationship between art and capital. Contemporary art claims to be autonomous, but art costs money and artists cannot survive on their love for art alone. How do artists respond to the rise of economic strictures in modern culture in general and the art market in particular? When works of art become investments, can art still be critical of economic injustice? What role remains for the artist in a global, late-capitalist society?

"Part Two: Art for Sale, Buy Buy Art," elaborates on the multifaceted and ambiguous relationship between art and capital. Contemporary art claims to be autonomous, but art costs money and artists cannot survive on their love for art alone. How do artists respond to the rise of economic strictures in modern culture in general and the art market in particular? When works of art become investments, can art still be critical of economic injustice? What role remains for the artist in a global, late-capitalist society?

"Part Two: Art for Sale, Buy Buy Art," elaborates on the multifaceted and ambiguous relationship between art and capital. Contemporary art claims to be autonomous, but art costs money and artists cannot survive on their love for art alone. How do artists respond to the rise of economic strictures in modern culture in general and the art market in particular? When works of art become investments, can art still be critical of economic injustice? What role remains for the artist in a global, late-capitalist society?

"Part Two: Art for Sale, Buy Buy Art," elaborates on the multifaceted and ambiguous relationship between art and capital. Contemporary art claims to be autonomous, but

Exploring academic and policy thinking on e-participation, this book opens up the organizational and institutional 'black box' and provides new insights into how public administrations in 15 European states have facilitated its implementation. Using multiple case studies, the book offers a systematic analysis of how e-participation initiatives are actually organized and administered within the government, as well as how the political context and collaborative partnerships both within the government and with non-governmental actors affect the adoption and institutionalization of e-participation platforms. Contributors provide new empirical evidence on some of the most pressing questions related to the organization and management of e-participation, aiming to provide better understanding of citizen participation platforms. Providing comparative knowledge on the institutional, administrative and organizational aspects of e-participation, this book will be an ideal read for public policy researchers and government practitioners interested in innovation and technology in public administration.

This is a very timely book! Public procurement for innovation has become a prominent tool of demand-side innovation policy in recent years. A better understanding of the underlying assumptions and intentions, as well as the opportunities of this bundle of instruments and their limitations, is highly relevant for both innovation policy analysts, students and practitioners. The book presents the latest knowledge and insights of world-leading experts in the field of public procurement for innovation.' - Stefan Kuhlmann, University of Twente, the Netherlands, President of the European Forum for Studies of Policies for Research and InnovationPublic procurement for innovation (PPI) is a demand-side innovation policy instrument. It occurs when a public organization places an order for the fulfillment of certain functions or needs, which cannot be met at that moment or within a reasonable period of time through a new or improved product. Providing evidence of the benefits to public and private actors from selective use of this policy instrument, this book illustrates the requirements and constraints for its operationalization. It significantly improves our knowledge of the key determinants of effective public procurement, aiming to promote innovative capabilities in the supplying sectors and beyond. It also provides case studies and conceptual contributions that help extend the frontier of our understanding in areas where there are still significant knowledge gaps. Scholars interested in the study of innovation policies and practitioners involved in the design, implementation and evaluation of PPI will benefit from this state-of-the-art exploration. Contributors: Y. Caloghirou, J. Edler, C. Edquist, A.T. Furtado, L. Georghiou, Y. Li, J. Nauta, P. Panaghiotopoulos, A. Protogerou, C. Garcia Ribeiro, J. Rigby, M. Rolfstam, L. Tsipouri, E. Uyarra, V. Valovirta, H. van Meerveld, N.S. Vonortas, G. Whyles, J. Yeow, J.M. Zabala-Iturriagagoitia

Innovation underpins competitiveness, is crucial to addressing societal challenges, and its support has become a major public policy goal. But what really works in innovation policy, and why? This Handbook, compiled by leading experts in the field, is the first comprehensive guide to understanding the logic and effects of innovation polices. The Handbook develops a conceptualization and typology of innovation policies, presents meta-evaluations for 16 key innovation policy instruments and analyses evidence on policy-mix. For each policy instrument, underlying rationales and examples are presented, along with a critical analysis of the available impact evidence. Providing access to primary sources of impact analysis, the book offers an insightful assessment of innovation policy practice and its evaluation. The Handbook's final chapter draws overall conclusions, reflects on the merits and limits of evaluation and impact analysis in innovation policy and suggests tangible improvements. This Handbook is an indispensable source for researchers, analysts, students and practitioners of innovation policy at all levels, as well as all those interested in policy analysis and evaluation more generally. Contributors include: K. Blind, J. Cassingena Harper, P. Cunningham, J. Edler, K. Flanagan, A. Goek, D. Grimshaw, B. Jones, C. Koehler, P. Laredo, R. Ramlogan, C. Rammer, J. Rigby, P. Shapira, E. Uyarra, J. Youtie

The book examines the conditions for successful high-technology policy from theoretical and empirical perspectives. It enhances the predominant national systems of innovation approach to innovation policy with concepts based on new developments in the governance of complex systems and processes. The conceptual framework of complex networks and systems is used to examine national policy approaches in countries that have created environments conducive to high-technology industries as well as individual high-technology sectors, such as biotechnology, alternative energy, and aerospace. Theoretical and empirical contributions are synthesised into lessons for high-tech policy and further research.

The first work to illuminate and develop this scholar's ideas and agendas in the field of psychoanalysis and related areas. Contributors are well published and hold recognized positions as editors, professors and senior practitioners in their fields.

This book is a plea for scientific openness and free access to information. It demonstrates the futility of scientific secrecy and the weakness of national arguments against open communication. From the restriction of technologically advanced exports, to the classification of research as restricted or secret, to the monitoring (and censoring) of scientific publications and library collections, to the pre-emption by the Pentagon of scientific and technological research, the U.S. federal government has achieved a state of unprecedented control over American science and technology. This, despite the end of the Cold War. Foerstel examines this continuing trend toward the state as chief sponsor, promoter, and supervisor of scientific research and its unsettling ramifications.

Foerstel concludes that scientific secrecy is counterproductive to American interests, particularly in an era when economics has come to define national security. His controversial analysis will be of interest to scientists, historians, and students of government alike.

British science has undergone radical transformation during the past 20 years. This is less a result of scientific discoveries per se, but rather the structure of funding and institutions. Science used to occupy a discrete socio-economic space. Scientists enjoyed the privileges of status and funding in return for the generation of knowledge. This knowledge is now regarded as a commodified product or a set of commercialized relationships. This book aims to explain the transformation of science in the UK public sector through detailed analysis of the main Government Research establishments since 1979.

An in-depth analysis of why COVID-19 warnings failed and how to avert the next disaster Epidemiologists and national security agencies warned for years about the potential for a deadly pandemic, but in the end global surveillance and warning systems were not enough to avert the COVID-19 disaster. In The COVID-19 Intelligence Failure, Erik J. Dahl demonstrates that understanding how intelligence warnings work—and how they fail—shows why the years of predictions were not enough. In the first in-depth analysis of the topic, Dahl examines the roles that both traditional intelligence services and medical intelligence and surveillance systems play in providing advance warning against public health threats—and how these systems must be improved for the future. For intelligence to effectively mitigate threats, specific, tactical-level warnings must be collected and shared in real time with receptive decision makers who will take appropriate action. Dahl shows how a combination of late and insufficient warnings about COVID-19, the Trump administration’s political aversion to scientific advice, and decentralized public health systems all exacerbated the pandemic in the United States. Dahl’s analysis draws parallels to other warning failures that preceded major catastrophes from Pearl Harbor to 9/11, placing current events in context. The COVID-19 Intelligence Failure is a wake-up call for the United States and the international community to improve their national security, medical, and public health intelligence systems and capabilities.

Evaluation of scientific research, particularly of research which is supported by government funds, is a matter of growing concern in virtually every nation. It is no longer adequate to expect that the value of investments in research will be judged in long-term historical perspective. Resources are scarce and policy-makers are looking for ways to assure that these resources are used in the most effective way. From the life-or-death evaluations of academic research institutes in the post-communist countries to the Government Performance and Results Act(GPRA) in the United States, research evaluation has become a topic of utmost importance in science policy. Evaluation often has substantial consequences for researchers and research institutions, including restructuring, shifting of priorities, budget reductions, or evenclosures. Therefore it is essential that evaluation is done systematically and objectively, with methodologies that can be understood and trusted by those concerned. This book is based on a NATO Advanced Research Workshop, co-organized by the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. It describes a range of the most up-to-date methods of science evaluation and the experience with their implementation in many countries. This book can be of interest to researchers, policy-makers, practitioners of science evaluation and many others interested in science policy.

The Politics of Capitalist Transformation is the only book-length study of the highly protectionist Brazilian informatics policy from its origins in the early 1970s to the collapse of the market reserve in the early 1990s and its impact in subsequent decades. Jeff Seward provides a sophisticated political analysis of how state activists constructed high levels of state autonomy to try to shift Brazil to a new variety of capitalism by eclipsing the multinational companies (especially IBM) that dominated the Brazilian computer sector and replacing them with local companies with 100 percent Brazilian technology and ownership. This ambitious policy required repeated shifts of political strategy and policymaking institutions to respond to a constantly changing economic and political environment as Brazil made a dramatic transition from military dictatorship to democracy. The innovative framework to analyze state autonomy and the sophisticated political analysis of the policymaking process will be of interest to scholars and students of Brazilian and Latin American political economy, varieties of capitalism theory, state theory, democratic transition theory, and high technology policymaking in developing countries.

This book argues that a New Deal for research in Europe is needed. This New Deal would involve the mobilisation of policy actors across all levels--regional, national and European--and their commitment to develop a more effective research system based on actions where they have the greatest impact. The book presents, from a viewpoint inside the European Commission, the nuts and bolts of how EU research policy is actually designed. It also provides a comprehensive analysis, on the basis of factual evidence, not only of the positive impacts of European research, but of the various criticisms that have been made of the Framework Programme.

This superb collection by the eminent physicist and critic John Ziman, opens with an album of portraits of scientists at work and at play, in which "plaster saints" are turned charmingly and thoughtfully into "living people." You'll find deft sketches of some of the more striking figures in the gallery of modern physics - Albert Einstein, Freeman Dyson, Lev Landau, Mark Azbel, Andrei Sakharov. We then take a journey through the world depicted by contemporary scientists, how physicists make discoveries, and how they test each other's claims. Ziman says that what we know about the physical world - the product of the vast collective effort of scientists everywhere - is no more than a human representation of an accessible reality. The basic lesson of these essays, "that you and I and the rest of us act on the understanding that we are all living in the same world" is a key to a general theory of scientific knowledge. Ziman then travels with us on an even more delicate odyssey, into the personal as well as the professional minds and performances of scientists as they are pulled into competing directions. We discover that the path of discovery is strewn with complex human needs, the demands of the state, the desire for profits, the exercise of technical virtuosity. Today, scientists are no longer lonely seekers after truth, but have emerged with multiple obligations as technical and military experts, entrepreneurs, managers, political advisers, publicists, and educators, as well as ordinary citizens. The personal preferences of scientists are now transformed and often under the control of mammoth institutions - great universities, a tangle of granting agencies, huge defense establishments, and global corporations. Rarely do scientists work alone in isolated laboratories. They are linked together in intricate networks, busy with delicate instruments requiring armies of technicians and collaborators. This is an essential guide for the initiated and the novice over the terrain of modern science and what it means to be a scientist today.

Looking beyond the business sector, Fred Gault examines the measurement of innovation in all economic sectors using an internationally agreed definition of innovation. This timely book explores the challenges and implications of measuring innovation, producing indicators to support policy development, monitoring, evaluation and learning. Examining innovation as a systems phenomenon, chapters offer readers an understanding of the impact of the innovation policy of governments, the strategy of businesses and the practice of households in a more digital economy. Gault also looks at the growing importance of restricted innovation as well as the informal economy and the difficulties around measuring social innovation. Concise and cutting-edge, this book will benefit economics and innovation scholars, particularly those looking into national innovation systems. Policy makers and organisations focused on the statistical measurement of innovation will also find this book offers helpful insights into the topic.

This book examines the politics of technology, and provides a detailed analysis of developments and debates within the European Union, international trade and governance. An important empirical contribution to the literature on the relations between politics and technology, this volume contains empirical statistical studies based on a wide variety of different types of data, and includes expert contributions from different academic disciplines. With a selection of detailed case studies, this book is divided into three main sections: The first part presents contributions on the role of domestic national policies for innovation and idea diffusion, including studies on Japan and the European Union. The second part takes a critical look at how the international system of intellectual property rights access to knowledge, opportunities for development and health improvement, examining the TRIPS agreement and the European patent system. The third part focuses on the role of foreign direct investment in innovation and idea diffusion, with studies on a wide range of cases using different, novel data material. Governance and Knowledge will be of interest to students, scholars and policy-makers of European politics, political economy, international trade, governance and economics.

The seventh edition of this classic handbook on the policy process is fully updated, featuring new material on policy making amid local and global disruption, the contestable nature of modern policy advice, commissioning and contracting, public engagement and policy success and failure. The Australian Policy Handbook shows how public policy permeates every aspect of our lives. It is the stuff of government, justifying taxes, driving legislation and shaping our social services. Public policy gives us roads, railways and airports, emergency services, justice, education and health services, defence, industry development and natural resource management. While politicians make the decisions, public servants provide analysis and support for those choices. This updated edition includes new visuals and introduces a series of case studies for the first time. These cases-covering family violence, behavioural economics, justice reinvestment, child protection and more-illustrate the personal and professional challenges of policymaking practice. Drawing on their extensive practical and academic experience, the authors outline the processes used in making public policy. They systematically explain the relationships between political decision makers, public service advisers, community participants and those charged with implementation. The Australian Policy Handbook remains the essential guide for students and practitioners of policy making in Australia.

Dramatic and controversial changes in the funding of science over the past two decades, towards its increasing commercialization, have stimulated a huge literature trying to set out an "economics of science". Whether broadly in favour or against these changes, the vast majority of these frameworks employ ahistorical analyses that cannot conceptualise, let alone address, the questions of "why have these changes occurred?" and "why now?" Nor, therefore, can they offer much insight into the crucial question of future trends. Given the growing importance of science and innovation in an age of both a globalizing knowledge-based economy (itself in crisis) and enormous challenges that demand scientific and technological responses, these are significant gaps in our understanding of important contemporary social processes. This book argues that the fundamental underlying problem in all cases is the ontological shallowness of these theories, which can only be remedied by attention to ontological presuppositions. Conversely, a critical realist approach affords the integration of a realist political economy into the analysis of the economics of science that does afford explicit attention to these crucial questions; a 'cultural political economy of research and innovation' (CPERI). Accordingly, the book sets out an introduction to the existing literature on the economics of science together with novel discussion of the field from a critical realist perspective. In arguing thus across levels of abstraction, however, the book also explores how concerted engagement with substantive social enquiry and theoretical debate develops and strengthens critical realism as a philosophical project, rather than simply 'applying' it. While the first of these two volumes argues how mainstream economics is inadequate to the task of an explanatory and critical 'economics of science', the challenge in this second volume is to examine the strengths and weaknesses of disciplines offering more promising starting points. Two social scientific disciplines are particularly promising candidates, starting from 'economy' or 'science', namely heterodox political economy and science & technology studies respectively. Synthesising these into an 'economics of science', however, still encounters considerable hurdles, in that there remain some fundamental and mutual philosophical incompatibilities. Formulating an 'economics of science' thus demands that both 'economics' and 'science' be redefined. The book explores how a critical realist approach affords some common ground upon which this productive synthesis may be pursued, in the form of a cultural political economy of research and innovation (CPERI).