Consumers in eighteenth-century England were firmly embedded in an expanding world of goods, one that incorporated a range of novel foods (tobacco, chocolate, coffee, and tea) and new supplies of more established commodities, including sugar, spices, and dried fruits. Much has been written about the attraction of these goods, which went from being novelties or expensive luxuries in the mid-seventeenth century to central elements of the British diet a century or so later. They have been linked to the rise of Britain as a commercial and imperial power, whilst their consumption is seen as transforming many aspects of British society and culture, from mealtimes to gender identity. Despite this huge significance to ideas of consumer change, we know remarkably little about the everyday processes through which groceries were sold, bought, and consumed. In tracing the lines of supply that carried groceries from merchants to consumers, Sugar and Spice reveals how changes in retailing and shopping were central to the broader transformation of consumption and consumer practices, but also questions established ideas about the motivations underpinning consumer choices. It demonstrates the dynamic nature of eighteenth-century retailing; the importance of advertisements in promoting sales and shaping consumer perceptions, and the role of groceries in making shopping an everyday activity. At the same time, it shows how both retailers and their customers were influenced by the practicalities and pleasures of consumption. They were active agents in consumer change, shaping their own practices rather than caught up in a single socially-inclusive cultural project such as politeness or respectability.

Real adventures are not always coming out of the make believe book factories. Instead the most fascinating and entertaining one are generated by the life.' The Hidden River' is such a story. A very young man caught in the infernal maelstrom of the World War two, his struggle for survival in an environment of carnage, destruction and hopelessness and of his discovery that sometimes challenges in life are the tools that makes us understand that we are more than we think we are. His adventures are endless, hard to believe but fascinating as they take us to a world few of us can imagine was existing. Victories are not always won by cloak and dagger plot. Sometime survival itself is the victory and endurance and resourcefulness are needed. The war ended .By a miraculous set of events he was able to come to the USA, then meet Frank Lloyd Wright, the famous Architect, then go on with a normal life. But his mental balance had been shattered and he was in need of healing and direction's he went on another adventure, the one of self discovery. From Frank Lloyd Wright he had glimpsed the world of beauty harmony and creativity. Not enough for him for, he needed the reassurance that all was not misery and ugliness in the world. A fateful meeting with Paramhansa Yogananda, the great Yogi, gave him the spiritual and mental direction he had been lacking .The new adventure of his Recovery is the last part of the book

This book investigates the demobilization and post-war readjustment of Red Army veterans in Leningrad and its environs after the Great Patriotic War. Over 300,000 soldiers were stood down in this war-ravaged region between July 1945 and 1948. They found the transition to civilian life more challenging than many could ever have imagined. For civilian Leningraders, reintegrating the rapid influx of former soldiers represented an enormous political, economic, social and cultural challenge. In this book, Robert Dale reveals how these former soldiers became civilians in a society devastated and traumatized by total warfare. Dale discusses how, and how successfully, veterans became ordinary citizens. Based on extensive original research in local and national archives, oral history interviews and the examination of various newspaper collections, Demobilized Veterans in Late Stalinist Leningrad peels back the myths woven around demobilization, to reveal a darker history repressed by society and concealed from historiography. While propaganda celebrated this disarmament as a smooth process which reunited veterans with their families, reintegrated them into the workforce and facilitated upward social mobility, the reality was rarely straightforward. Many veterans were caught up in the scramble for work, housing, healthcare and state hand-outs. Others drifted to the social margins, criminality or became the victims of post-war political repression. Demobilized Veterans in Late Stalinist Leningrad tells the story of both the failure of local representatives to support returning Soviet soldiers, and the remarkable resilience and creativity of veterans in solving the problems created by their return to society. It is a vital study for all scholars and students of post-war Soviet history and the impact of war in the modern era.

The inauguration of Barack Obama as president of the United States of America in 2009 marked a crucial turning point in African American history. It was the culmination of a chain of events that started nearly four hundred years ago when the evil of slavery cast its shadow on America.

Tracing the history of black Americans, A Chain of Events documents how God gave them the freedom and will to rise from the ashes of slavery to become true Americans. Author Ruthie Green examines the harrowing life of slaves in early America, their emancipation by Abraham Lincoln, and their long struggle through the years for recognition as citizens of the United States.

Green also discusses some of the African American community's most prominent and influential early members, including W. E. B. Du Bois, George Washington Carver, and Marcus Garvey Jr. She profiles leading African American entertainers and delves into the tumultuous years of the civil rights movement and the impact of Martin Luther King Jr. In addition, she talks about such important African Americans as Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Jesse Owens, the Tuskegee Airmen, Ethel Waters, and many more.

A Chain of Events offers an eye-opening glimpse into the remarkable history of African Americans.

It is an often ignored but fundamental fact that in the Ottoman world as in most empires, there were 'first-class' and 'second class' subjects. Among the townspeople, peasants and nomads subject to the sultans, who might be Muslims or non-Muslims, adult Muslim males were first-class subjects and all others, including Muslim boys and women, were of the second class. As for the female members of the elite, while less privileged than the males, in some respects their life chances might be better than those of ordinary women. Even so, they shared the risks of pregnancy, childbirth and epidemic diseases with townswomen of the subject class and to a certain extent, with village women as well. Women also made up a sizeable share of the enslaved, belonging to the sultans, to elite figures but often to members of the subject population as well. Thus, the study of Ottoman women is indispensable for understanding Ottoman society in general. In this book, the experiences of women from a diverse range of class, religious, ethnic, and geographic backgrounds are woven into the social history of the Ottoman Empire, from the early-modern period to its dissolution in 1922. Its thematic chapters first introduce readers to the key sources for information about women's lives in the Ottoman Empire (qadi registers, petitions, fetvas, travelogues authored by women). The first section of the book then recounts urban, non-elite women's experiences at the courts, family life, and as slaves. Paying attention to the geographic diversity of the Ottoman Empire, this section also considers the social history of women in the Arab provinces of Baghdad, Cairo and Aleppo. The second section charts the social history of elite women, including that of women in the Palace system, writers and musicians and the history of women's education. The final section narrates the history of women at the end of the empire, during the Great War and Civil War. The first introductory social history of women in the Ottoman Empire, Women in the Ottoman Empire will be essential reading for scholars and students of Ottoman history and the history of women in the Middle East.

When John Joseph Mathews (1894-1979) began his career as a writer in the 1930s, he was one of only a small number of Native American authors writing for a national audience. Today he is widely recognized as a founder and shaper of twentieth-century Native American literature. Twenty Thousand Mornings is Mathews's intimate chronicle of his formative years. Written in 1965-67 but only recently discovered, this work captures Osage life in pre-statehood Oklahoma and recounts many remarkable events in early-twentieth-century history. Born in Pawhuska, Osage Nation, Mathews was the only surviving son of a mixed-blood Osage father and a French-American mother. Within these pages he lovingly depicts his close relationships with family members and friends. Yet always drawn to solitude and the natural world, he wanders the Osage Hills in search of tranquil swimming holes - and new adventures. Overturning misguided critical attempts to confine Mathews to either Indian or white identity, Twenty Thousand Mornings shows him as a young man of his time. He goes to dances and movies, attends the brand-new University of Oklahoma, and joins the Air Service as a flight instructor during World War I - spawning a lifelong fascination with aviation. His accounts of wartime experiences include unforgettable descriptions of his first solo flight and growing skill in night-flying. Eventually Mathews gives up piloting to become a student again, this time at Oxford University, where he begins to mature as an intellectual. In her insightful introduction and explanatory notes, Susan Kalter places Mathews's work in the context of his life and career as a novelist, historian, naturalist, and scholar. Kalter draws on his unpublished diaries, revealing aspects of his personal life that have previously been misunderstood. In addressing the significance of this posthumous work, she posits that Twenty Thousand Mornings will challenge, defy, and perhaps redefine studies of American Indian autobiography.

This book addresses the changing relationships among political participation, political representation, and popular mobilization in Spain from the 1766 protest in Madrid against the early Bourbon reforms until the citizen revolution of 1868 that first introduced universal suffrage and led to the ousting of the monarchy. Popular Participation and the Democratic Imagination in Spain shows that a notion of the "crowd" internally dividing the concept of "people" existed before the advent of Liberalism, allowing for the enduring subordination of popular participation to representation in politics. In its wider European and colonial American context, the study analyzes semantic changes in a range of cultural spheres, from parliamentary debate to historical narrative and aesthetics. It shows how Liberalism had trouble reproducing the legitimacy of limited suffrage and traces the evolution of an imagination on democracy that would allow for the reconfiguration of an all-encompassing image of the people eventually overcoming representative government. "Focused on the nation and identities, Spanish historiography had a pending debt with that other historical subject of modernity, the people. With this book, Pablo Sanchez Leon starts cancelling the debt with an innovative methodology combining conceptual history with social and political history. Brilliantly, this books also proposes a novel chronology for modern history and renewed categories of analysis. In many senses, this is an extraordinarily renovating senior work." -Jose Maria Portillo Valdes, University of the Basque Country, Spain "This book by Pablo Sanchez Leon is an original and detailed study of one of the essential components of modernity, the relation between the concepts of plebe and pueblo. The author shows that plebe and people were shaped in a process of mutual differentiation and how the enduring tension between them deeply marked out the evolution of Spanish politics from the end of the Old Regime and throughout the 19th century. As the author brilliantly argues, such tension is tightly imbricated with the enduring dilemma between representation and participation underlying modern political systems. Through a historical analysis of the influence of people and plebe over Spanish, the book makes clear the degree to which the power of language contributes to shape political actors and institutional frames." -Miguel Angel Cabrera - Professor, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain "Most accounts of Spain's transition to modern democracy begin with the popular uprising against the French invasion in 1808, the creation of a national parliament and the promulgation of an advanced Liberal constitution in 1812. Pablo Sanchez Leon begins the story half a century earlier in the mass street protests in Madrid and other cities in 1766 sparked by Charles III's sweeping reform programme. Sanchez Leon focuses unrepentantly on plebeian groups and crowd action - how they are described and conceived by contemporaries - as a key to understanding Spain's precocious and troubled passage from absolutism to the promulgation of universal male suffrage in September 1868. This audacious and highly original interpretation will surely strike a chord with students of modern Spain." -Guy Thomson, University of Warwick, UK "This is a book for exploring (from current needs) the history of political participation in Spanish society in order to rethink the very notion of modern citizenship." -Maria Sierra, University of Seville, Spain "Motivated by the current crisis in political representation in parliamentary democracies, this work by Pablo Sanchez Leon departs from the process of construction of modern citizenship. Representation, participation and mobilization are put into play as an interactive triad whose dynamics and changing conceptualization have the key to the social, political and cultural changes between the Old Regime and the early establishment of democracy in 1868. The "They do not represent us!" and other current claims for deliberative democracy provide the guiding thread for a demanding research on the tension between representation and participation shaping the period 1766-1868. The work reflects on the relevance of popular participation and, in presenting the modern history of Spain as singular and relevant on its own, provides an account of the building of modern citizenship. -Pablo Fernandez Albaladejo, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain This exciting book is both topical and historiographically valuable. It offers a fresh perspective on current debates about the limits of representation and the pros and cons of participation; it makes Spanish political culture in the age of revolutions accessible to anglophone readers, and it engagingly illustrates one way of doing the 'history of concepts'. Recommended on all three counts. Joanna Innes, Oxford University

Translation of the Destruction of Czenstochow (Czestochowa, Poland) is the English translation of the Yizkor (Memorial) Book published in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1949 in Yiddish by survivors and former residents of the town. It details through personal accounts the destruction of the Jewish community by the Nazis and their Polish collaborators in World War II. This publication by the "Yizkor Books in Print Project" of JewishGen, Inc., serves to provide the English speaking community with these first-hand accounts in book format, so that researchers and descendants of Jewish emigrants from the town can learn this history. 200 pages with Illustrations. Hard Cover Flight to Survival 1939-1945 by Peninah Cypkewicz-Rosin is an excellent companion book because it is a first-hand account of a young Jewish woman survivor of the ghetto and the Hasag Labor Camp both in Czestochowa.

In 1942 Missouri Pettway, newly suffering the loss of her husband, pieced together a quilt out of his old, worn work clothes. Nearly six decades later her daughter Arlonzia Pettway, approaching eighty at the time and a seasoned quiltmaker herself, readily recalled the cover made by her grieving mother within the small African American farming community of Gee's Bend, Alabama. At once a story of grief, a quilt, and a community, Stitching Love and Loss connects Missouri Pettway's cotton covering to the history of a place, its residents, and the work of mourning. Interpreting varied sources of history and memory, Lisa Gail Collins engages crucial and enduring questions, simultaneously singular and shared: What are the languages, practices, and processes of mourning? How is loss expressed and remembered? What are the roles for creativity in grief? And how might a closely crafted material object, in its conception, construction, use, and memory, serve the work of grieving a loved one? Placing this singular quilt within its historical and cultural context, Collins illuminates the perseverance and creativity of the African American women quilters in this rural Black Belt community.

The Memorial Book of Brzeziny, Poland is the English translation of the Yizkor (Memorial) Book published in Yiddish in 1961 by survivors and former residents of the town. It details through personal accounts the town, its history, personalities, institutions and the ultimate destruction of the Jewish community by the Nazis and their Polish collaborators in World War II. This publication by the "Yizkor Books in Print Project" of JewishGen, Inc., serves to provide the English speaking community with these first-hand accounts in book format, so that researchers and descendants of Jewish emigrants from the town can learn this history. 468 pages with Illustrations. Hard Cover

Just as Hitler wanted a New World Order, we now have a new world order, also called Globalism taking shape. We must all face the challenges of giving up our national sovereignty, many of our constitutionally guaranteed freedoms, peace, and prospertity. We must consider the reality of One World Government and One World Religion. We must consider The European Union, The North American Free Trade Agreement, The World Trade Organization Agreement, and numerous other such little discussed Agreements. We must consider The United Nations Report of the Commission on Global Governance, along with its Agenda 21, sustainablility and population reduction because it is easier for the powers that be, like the Trilateral Commission and their associates, to control a population of 1.5 billion rather than 8 or more billion people. The Global 2000 Report, The Charter of Economic Right and Freedoms, are largely being dismissed. Why? Herein we discuss the almost inexplicable ethical and philosophical reasons much of the world has long hated the Jewish peoples, the Gypsy peoples, the Aboriginals, and the disabled, of any and all nations. This book is a thought provoking attempt to reveal how money and power become concentrated in the hands of a few well known, well respected, evil beings, their families, their secret societies, and often their religious organizations. These same families and organizations, have through psychological conditioning of populations, through the centuries maintained control of societies, policies, and history.

Gilbert L. Wilson, gifted ethnologist and field collector for the American Museum of Natural History, thoroughly enjoyed the study of American Indian life and folklore. In 1902 he moved to Mandan, North Dakota and was excited to find he had Indian neighbors. His life among them inspired him to write books that would accurately portray their culture and traditions. Wilson's charming translations of their oral heritage came to life all the more when coupled with the finely-detailed drawings of his brother, Frederick N. Wilson. "Myths of the Red Children" (1907) and "Indian Hero Tales" (1916) have long been recognized as important contributions to the preservation of American Indian culture and lore. Here, for the first time ever, both books are included in one volume, complete with their supplemental craft sections and ethnological notes. While aimed at young folk, the books also appeal to anyone wishing to learn more about the rich and culturally significant oral traditions of North America's earliest people. Nearly 300 drawings accompany the text, accurately depicting tools, clothing, dwellings, and accoutrements. The drawings for this edition were culled from multiple copies of the original books with the best examples chosen for careful restoration. The larger format allows the reader to fully appreciate every detail of Frederick Wilson's remarkable drawings. This is not a mere scan containing torn or incomplete pages, stains and blemishes. This new Onagocag Publishing hardcover edition is clean, complete and unabridged. In addition, it features an introduction by Wyatt R. Knapp that includes biographical information on the Wilson brothers, as well as interesting details and insights about the text and illustrations. Young and old alike will find these books a thrilling immersion into American Indian culture, craft, and lore. Onagocag Publishing is proud to present this definitive centennial edition.

This open access book uses Finland in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as an empirical case in order to study the emergence, shaping and renewal of a nation through histories of experience and emotions. It revolves around the following questions: What kinds of experiences have engendered national mobilization and feelings of national belonging? How have political and societal conflicts turned into new communities of experience and emotion? What kinds of experiences have been integrated into, or excluded from, the national context in different instances? How have people internalized or contested the nation as a context for their personal, family and minority-group experiences? In what ways has the nation entered and affected people's intimate spheres of life? How have "national" experiences been transmitted to children in the renewal of the nation? This edited collection points to the histories of experience and emotions as a novel way of studying nations and nationalism. Building on current debates in nationalism studies, it offers a theoretical framework for analyzing the historical construction of "lived nations," and introduces a number of new methodological approaches to understand the experiences of the nation, extending from the investigation of personal reminiscences and music records to the study of dreams and children's drawings.

This book is the history of the Eastern Vikings, the Rus and the Varangians, from their earliest mentions in the narrative sources to the late medieval period, when the Eastern Vikings had become stock figures in Old Norse Romances. A comparison is made between sources emanating from different cultures, such as the Roman Empire, the Abbasid Caliphate and its successor states, the early kingdoms of the Rus and the high medieval Scandinavian kingdoms. A key element in the history of the Rus and the Varangians is the fashioning of identities and how different cultures define themselves in comparison and contrast with the other. This book offers a fresh and engaging view of these medieval sources, and a thorough reassessment of established historiographical grand narratives on Scandinavian peoples in the East.