In recent years there has been growing recognition that disaster risk cannot be reduced by focusing solely on physical hazards without considering factors that influence socio-economic impact. Vulnerability: the susceptibility to the damaging impacts of hazards, and resilience: the ability to recover, have become popular concepts in natural hazard and risk management. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the concepts of vulnerability and resilience and their application to natural hazards research. With contributions from both physical and social scientists it provides an interdisciplinary discussion of the different types of vulnerability and resilience, the links between them, and concludes with the remaining challenges and future directions of the field. Examining global case studies from the US coast to Austria, this is a valuable reference for researchers and graduate students working in natural hazard and risk reduction from both the natural and social sciences.

Tackling structural geology problems today requires a quantitative understanding of the underlying physical principles, and the ability to apply mathematical models to deformation processes within the Earth. Accessible yet rigorous, this unique textbook demonstrates how to approach structural geology quantitatively using calculus and mechanics, and prepares students to interface with professional geophysicists and engineers who appreciate and utilize the same tools and computational methods to solve multidisciplinary problems. Clearly explained methods are used throughout the book to quantify field data, set up mathematical models for the formation of structures, and compare model results to field observations. An extensive online package of coordinated laboratory exercises enables students to consolidate their learning and put it into practice by analyzing structural data and building insightful models. Designed for single-semester undergraduate courses, this pioneering text prepares students for graduates studies and careers as professional geoscientists.

Deep earthquakes (earthquakes with origins deeper than 60 km) are of scientific importance and account for approximately one-quarter of all earthquakes. They are occasionally very large and damaging yet provide much of the data that constrain our knowledge of Earth structure and dynamics. This book opens with an explanation of what deep earthquakes are, their significance to science and how they were first discovered. Later chapters provide a description of deep earthquake distribution and clustering in both time and space; a review of observations about source properties; and a discussion of theories for the origin of deep earthquakes. The book concludes with a comprehensive literature review of terrestrial and lunar deep seismicity. Deep Earthquakes presents a comprehensive, topical, historical, and geographical summary of deep earthquakes and related phenomena. It will be of considerable interest to researchers and graduate students in the fields of earthquake seismology and deep Earth structure.

This is a major, definitive, landmark study of the young volcanoes of eastern Australia and parts of New Zealand. It deals with the rock types and origin of the volcanoes as well as the inclusions of the upper mantle and lower-crustal rocks found in the volcanic deposits. Fifty-nine authors contribute a wide range of chapters dealing with the significance of the volcanoes, the insights the area offers about the nature and origin of the earth's crust and the mantle beneath, and the geological evolution of eastern Australia and New Zealand over the last 70-80 million years. This will be an important reference book for geoscientists in general, but particularly to those involved in the fields of volcanology, geology, goechemistry, geophysics and tectonics.

First published in 1924, this classic volume details the history of British earthquakes from the year 974 to the beginning of the twentieth century. Building on material laid out in his 1912 volume The Origin of British Earthquakes, Charles Davison based his method of investigation on the theory that earthquakes were the results of successive steps in the growth of faults. Using a modification of the well-known Rossi Forel scale, and with reference to the latest scientific studies of his time, he compiled a catalogue of all known British earthquakes. Davison was at pains to include only those earthquakes that were undoubtedly British, omitting many disturbances which had been doubtfully placed in other British lists of his time. His aim was to trace the zones in which crust-changes occurred and where the faults were still live, and to uncover some of the laws that govern the growth of faults. Additionally, Davison included a chapter describing 'Extra-British' earthquakes, examining disturbances felt in Britain that originated in Ireland, the Channel Islands, Norway, and as far away as Lisbon. His concluding chapters address the sound phenomena, distribution, and origin of different types of earthquakes.

Providing geophysicists with an in-depth understanding of the theoretical and applied background for the seismic diffraction method, Classical and Modern Diffraction Theory covers the history and foundations of the classical theory and the key elements of the modern diffraction theory. Chapters include an overview and a historical review of classical theory, a summary of the experimental results illustrating this theory, and key principles of the modern theory of diffraction; the early cornerstones of classical diffraction theory, starting from its inception in the 17th century and an extensive introduction to reprinted works of Grimaldi, Huygens, and Young; details of the classical theory of diffractions as developed in the 19th century and reprinted works of Fresnel, Green, Helmholtz, Kirchhoff, and Rayleigh; and the cornerstones of the modern theory including Keller's geometrical theory of diffraction, boundary-layer theory, and super-resolution. Appendices on the Cornuspiral and Babinet's principle also are included.

An earthquake is always an unexpected phenomenon. Modern science is not able to predict the time or the place or the earthquake strength. The problem of locating the focus of a starting earthquake has not even been set due to the poor level of understanding the processes preceding its start. At present the main earthquake hypothesis is the "explosive" relaxation of the high elastic stresses accumulated in the lithosphere. Understanding a fault's slip behavior, as well as its length and connectivity, is important for constraining the magnitude range and frequency of earthquakes that a particular fault is likely to produce. This book, Earthquake Geology, presents contributions from researchers of different countries in the world that point out the study of seismoinduced phenomena associated with recent and historical earthquakes. First chapter aims to estimate the response of freestanding full-scale equipment to 2% in 50 years hazard level motions, and the results are used to generate ready-to-use fragility curves and second chapter emphasizes on earthquake forecast with the seismic sequence hierarchization method. Third chapter encompasses the micro-earthquake monitoring with sparsely sampled data. In fourth chapter, we analyze in detail the features of the experimental weakening curves and provide a general fit which is purely empirical, with the synthesis of a large number of experiments and their result in terms of frictional breakdown energy Gf. Fifth chapter presents how to locate the focus of a starting earthquake and sixth chapter presents research on earthquake radon anomalies. Seventh chapter highlights on seismic sequence structure and earthquakes triggering patterns and eighth chapter emphasizes on predicting earthquakes with microsequences and reversed phase repetitive patterns. Application of commensurability in earthquake prediction is discussed in ninth chapter and tenth chapter gives out the co-planarity and symmetry theory of earthquake occurrence. Eleventh chapter presents a numerical investigation of earthquake shielding with seismic crystals and twelfth chapter presents an evaluation of strain accumulation in global subduction zones from seismicity data. Thirteenth chapter reveals on modification in atmospheric refractivity and GPS based TEC as earthquake precursors, and fourteenth chapter proposes a seismic-acoustic system for monitoring the earthquake origin process. The aim of fifteenth chapter is to calculate hydrodynamical phenomena: Earth's tidal and precursory variations in level of liquid in wells (boreholes) using identical systems of equations and to clarify data on distribution of hydrodynamical precursors on the Earth's surface. The objective of sixteenth chapter is to provide a wavelet transform method to detect P and S-phases in three component seismic data. In seventeenth chapter, basic models and standard mechanisms of earthquakes are briefly considered, results of processing of information on the earthquakes in the context of global spatial anisotropy caused by the existence of the vector Ag, are presented, and an analysis of them is given. Eighteenth chapter concentrates more on the actual relationship between earthquakes and solar activity and treats the effects causing the correlation only in the aspect of geomagnetic field strength variations. Nineteenth chapter presents a study on correlation of tidal forces with global great earthquakes, and an analysis and verification of forecasting the locations of future large earthquakes is given in last chapter. Forecasts of the locations of future major earthquakes play an important role in earthquake preparedness and determining earthquake insurance costs. Many such forecasts have been carried out with examples in this chapter.

For months in early 1980, scientists, journalists and ordinary people listened anxiously to rumblings in the long quiescent volcano Mount St. Helens. Still, when a massive explosion took the top off the mountain, no one was prepared. Fifty-seven people died and the lives of many others were changed forever. Steve Olson interweaves history, science and vivid personal stories to portray the disaster as a multi-faceted turning point. Powerful economic, political and historical forces influenced who died when the volcano erupted. The eruption of Mount St. Helens transformed volcanic science, the study of environmental resilience and our perceptions of how to survive on an increasingly dangerous planet.

Modern plate tectonic theory, the development of earthquake prediction and the mitigation of earthquake hazards are based on the study of earthquakes during the twentieth century. Investigation of earthquakes over a much longer period, although in no way invalidating the global importance of plate tectonics, shows that patterns of seismic activity do change with time and that areas of intense seismic activity in the historical past are often gaps of earthquake activity today. This study of the historical seismicity of Iran over the last thirteen centuries not only shows this quite clearly but also reveals a long-term tectonic pattern which is different from that deduced from short-term observations. The historical data provides the basis for the development of earthquake prediction models and for long-term earthquake hazard assessment. This book will be of equal interest to earth scientists, seismologists, historical geographers and orientalists.

A careful and intensive study of historical sources and a review of the instrumental data of this century have led to this detailed catalogue of earthquakes. Egypt, Arabia, the Red Sea region and the surrounding areas of Libya, Sudan and Ethiopia are studied from the earliest times to the present day. Each earthquake is described as fully as possible from the available data, and is analysed in a geographical and historical context. The completeness of the earthquake catalogue over time is analysed and the range of sources and problems associated with the scrutiny of historical sources is discussed. The information is then placed in a geophysical framework.

Bridging the gap between introductory textbooks and advanced monographs, this book provides the necessary mathematical tools to tackle seismological problems and demonstrates how to apply them. Including student exercises, for which solutions are available on a dedicated website, it appeals to advanced undergraduate and graduate students. It is also a useful reference volume for researchers wishing to "brush up" on fundamentals before they study more advanced topics in seismology.

The two volumes of The Seismic Wavefield are a comprehensive guide to the understanding of seismograms in terms of physical propagation processes within the Earth. The focus is on the observation of earthquakes and man-made sources on all scales, for both body waves and surface waves. Volume I provides a general introduction and a development of the theoretical background for seismic waves. Volume II looks at the way in which observed seismograms relate to the propagation processes. Volume II also discusses local and regional seismic events, global wave propagation, and the three-dimensional Earth.

The Seismic Wavefield provides a guide to the understanding of seismograms in terms of physical propagation processes within the Earth. The focus is on the observation of earthquakes and man-made sources on all scales, for both body waves and surface waves. Volume I begins with a survey of the structure of the Earth and the nature of seismic wave propagation using examples of observed seismograms. The second part provides a full development of the theoretical background for seismic waves. Volume II (to be published later) will cover local and regional seismic events, global wave propagation, and the three-dimensional earth.

Planetary Volcanism across the Solar System compares and contrasts the vast array of planetary bodies in the Solar System, including Earth. The wealth of spacecraft data for almost all major solid-surface bodies in the Solar System indicate that volcanism has been a dominant mechanism in shaping the landscapes of these bodies. The book addresses key questions surrounding our understanding of planetary volcanism, such as how to integrate the data into a coherent view of how volcanic activity arises, how this mechanism shapes planets, which volcanic landforms are ubiquitous throughout the Solar System, and which are unique. By placing a singular emphasis on comparing volcanic processes and landforms on all relevant Solar System bodies, and with the explicit objective of providing a systems-level understanding of this widespread phenomenon, users will find an up-to-date, accessible and comprehensive discussion of the major volcanic processes and landforms that shape and drive the evolution of planets, moons and smaller bodies.

The world's busy air traffic corridors pass over hundreds of volcanoes capable of hazardous explosive eruptions. The risk to aviation from volcanic activity is significant. In the United States alone, aircraft carry about 300,000 passengers and hundreds of millions of dollars of cargo near active volcanoes each day. Costly disruption of flight operations in Europe and North America in 2010 in the wake of a moderate-size eruption in Iceland clearly demonstrates how eruptions can have global impacts on the aviation industry. This book examines national and international efforts, and partnered with the U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Hazards Program, which is playing a leading role in the global effort to reduce the risk posed to aircraft by volcanic eruptions.

California straddles the boundary between two of the Earth's tectonic plates. As a result, it is broken by numerous earthquake faults. Taking into account the earthquake histories and relative rates of motion on these many faults, the Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast (UCERF) study concludes that there is a probability of more than 99% that in the next 30 years Californians will experience one or more magnitude 6.7 or greater quakes, potentially capable of causing extensive damage and loss of life. This book provides an overview of the implications, risk, detection, warning and research into a major earthquake in California within the next 30 years.

This book shows papers from researchers of different countries in the world, that point out the study of seismoinduced phenomena associated with recent and historical earthquakes and also an article about the April 6, 2009 devastating earthquake of L'Aquila in central Italy. Starting from the basical knowledge it is possible to reconstruct the geo-history of the phenomena induced by earthquakes and the own recurrence time. Earthquake geologists study the surface expression of earthquake like faults and ground failure caused by strong ground shaking. Moreover, ground deformation phenomena and other secondary effects such as tectonic subsidence and uplift, liquefaction, shaking-induced landslides, tsunamis and also the migration of hydrogen as protons, can be used to identify earthquakes. Finally, with Paleoseismology, a branch of Earthquake Geology, we can define timing, location and size of prehistoric earthquakes. The collected articles highlight the importance of the geology of the events, in other words all the information recorded in the stratigraphic levels. In fact, only through the reconstruction of the past history we can try to do forecasting for the future, otherwise we can make only prevention. In fact, the knowledge of when, where, how often, and with what magnitude large earthquakes occur is crucial for understanding and characterising the seismic hazard of a region. For this purpose the papers regard the recent progress in the study of recent and past seismic events on the base of the descriptions and analysis of primary effects (surface ruptures) and secondary ones (tsunamis and liquefactions).

Hazardous volcanic activity continue to occur because of rising populations, development pressures and expanding national and international air traffic over volcanic regions. Moreover, rapid globalisation makes U.S. businesses, financial markets, and government interests vulnerable to volcano hazards throughout the world. This book addresses these concerns and addresses the question of whether volcanic activity has been increasing over the past decades. The world's highest volcanoes, their locations and their effects on the local populations are also examined. Additionally, volcanoes have many different types of eruptions. The duration of the eruptions, how often they occur, and the magma supply system and preparatory processes for these eruptions are reviewed. Finally, this book reviews the effects of mud volcanoes, occurring in different geologic settings around the world.

The role of hydrothermal fluids during the crystallization of layered intrusions and the ore deposits they contain has long been debated. This book summarizes the evidence for fluid-crystal-liquid (hydromagmatic) interactions and their importance for the understanding of the formation of platinum-group deposits in layered intrusions. It discusses the composition of igneous fluids in mafic magmatic systems, the generation and movement of these fluids in layered intrusions, their impact in altering the mineralogy and composition of the originally precipitated assemblages, and their role in the transport of the platinum-group elements (PGE). Using examples from the Bushveld complex of South Africa and other intrusions, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the hydromagmatic model for the origin of various features of layered intrusions. It is a useful reference for academic researchers and professional geologists working on economic mineral exploration, layered igneous intrusions, and hydrothermal metallogenesis.

Kostrov and Das present a general theoretical model summarizing our current knowledge of fracture mechanics as applied to earthquakes and earthquake source processes. Part I explains continuum and fracture mechanics, providing the reader with some background and context. Part II continues with a discussion of the inverse problem of earthquake source theory and a description of the seismic moment tensor. Part III presents specific earthquake source models. Although data processing and acquisition techniques are discussed only in simplified form for illustrative purposes, the material in this book will aid in better orienting and developing these techniques. The aim of this book is to explore the phenomena underlying earthquake fracture and present a general theoretical model for earthquake source processes.

The relatively young theory of structured dependence between stochastic processes has many real-life applications in areas including finance, insurance, seismology, neuroscience, and genetics. With this monograph, the first to be devoted to the modeling of structured dependence between random processes, the authors not only meet the demand for a solid theoretical account but also develop a stochastic processes counterpart of the classical copula theory that exists for finite-dimensional random variables. Presenting both the technical aspects and the applications of the theory, this is a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners in the field, as well as for graduate students in pure and applied mathematics programs. Numerous theoretical examples are included, alongside examples of both current and potential applications, aimed at helping those who need to model structured dependence between dynamic random phenomena.

Quantifying the timescales of current geological processes is critical for constraining the physical mechanisms operating on the Earth today. Since the Earth's origin 4.55 billion years ago magmatic processes have continued to shape the Earth, producing the major reservoirs that exist today (core, mantle, crust, oceans and atmosphere) and promoting their continued evolution. But key questions remain. When did the core form and how quickly? How are magmas produced in the mantle, and how rapidly do they travel towards the surface? How long do magmas reside in the crust, differentiating and interacting with the host rocks to yield the diverse set of igneous rocks we see today? How fast are volcanic gases such as carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere? This book addresses these and other questions by reviewing the latest advances in a wide range of Earth Science disciplines: from the measurement of short-lived radionuclides to the study of element diffusion in crystals and numerical modelling of magma behaviour. It will be invaluable reading for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, as well as igneous petrologists, mineralogists and geochemists involved in the study of igneous rocks and processes.

Serendipity placed David Johnston on Mount St. Helens when the volcano rumbled to life in March 1980. Throughout that ominous spring, Johnston was part of a team that conducted scientific research that underpinned warnings about the mountain. Those warnings saved thousands of lives when the most devastating volcanic eruption in U.S. history blew apart Mount St. Helens, but killed Johnston on the ridge that now bears his name. Melanie Holmes tells the story of Johnston's journey from a nature-loving Boy Scout to a committed geologist. Blending science with personal detail, Holmes follows Johnston through encounters with Aleutian volcanoes, his work helping the Portuguese government assess the geothermal power of the Azores, and his dream job as a volcanologist with the U.S. Geological Survey. Interviews and personal writings reveal what a friend called "the most unjaded person I ever met," an imperfect but kind, intelligent young scientist passionately in love with his life and work and determined to make a difference.

This third edition provides a concise yet approachable introduction to seismic theory, designed as a first course for graduate students or advanced undergraduate students. It clearly explains the fundamental concepts, emphasizing intuitive understanding over lengthy derivations, and outlines the different types of seismic waves and how they can be used to resolve Earth structure and understand earthquakes. New material and updates have been added throughout, including ambient noise methods, shear-wave splitting, back-projection, migration and velocity analysis in reflection seismology, earthquake rupture directivity, and fault weakening mechanisms. A wealth of both reworked and new examples, review questions and computer-based exercises in MATLAB (R)/Python give students the opportunity to apply the techniques they have learned to compute results of interest and to illustrate Earth's seismic properties. More advanced sections, which are not needed to understand the other material, are flagged so that instructors or students pressed for time can skip them.