The recent mega earthquakes of richter scale 9 and above, of 2010 and 2004 (Sumatra-Andaman) in Indian ocean plate or the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, have killed hundreds of thousands and have given a new terminology to the study of earthquakes. Before these, the mankind had only known great earthquakes of magnitude 8 +, giving the superlative mega earthquake expression. The importance is of not only of the understanding of risks of ruptures along the tectonic plates that these mega and great earthquakes of the 21st century, but the disaster preparedness role in the view of a seismic event. This book describes the new and important tools or methods of earthquake hazard estimations to reduce the risk of mortality in the event of a mega earthquake in the known fault lines as well as preparedness for a surprise seismological event in the plate boundaries not known to have produced mega earthquake rupturing in the recorded history. The Nepal earth quake of 2015 was merely a magnitude of 7.8-8.1, which killed more than 8000 people, and is a reminder of the terrible disasters that could have been better managed.

Tectonic geomorphology is the study of the interplay between tectonic and surface processes that shape the landscape in regions of active deformation and at time scales ranging from days to millions of years. Tectonics is the branch of geology relating to the structure of the Earth's crust and the large-scale processes which take place within it. The field of tectonic geomorphology is in a state of tension. The widespread availability of high-quality, high-resolution digital topographic data encourages the development of simple morphological `tools' which can be used to comprehend recent tectonic evolution. Meanwhile, process geomorphologists recognize that current models have a noteworthy empirical basis, and lack insight into the underlying physics of erosion processes. Most tectonic geomorphology research is concerned with rivers, but glaciers, debris flows and hill slope processes also play a key role in hypotheses linking climate to tectonics, through surface processes, while submarine geomorphology has hardly been investigated in a tectonic context. Over the past decade, recent advances in the quantification of both rates and the physical basis of tectonic and surface processes have underpinned an explosion of new research in the field of tectonic geomorphology. Modern tectonic geomorphology is an exceptionally integrative field that utilizes techniques and data derived from studies of geomorphology, seismology, geochronology, structure, geodesy, stratigraphy, meteorology and Quaternary science. This book entitled Tectonic Geomorphology focuses on the current understanding of the dynamic interplay between surface processes and active tectonics. As it ranges from the timescales of individual earthquakes to the growth and decay of mountain belts. Syntheses of recent and earlier works, combined with new results and interpretations, are illustrated for varied tectonic settings. Most of chapters contain up-to-date materials of comprehensive geological-geophysical investigations, which can help more clearly understand the essence of mechanisms of different tectonic processes. General problems of tectonics are discussed and the approaches required for further progress have been outlined. Over the past several decades, significant advancements in digital tools and dating techniques including increased quality and accessibility of high-resolution digital topographic data, and innovation and refinement of geochronology, low-temperature thermochronolgy, and surface dating, has led to an explosion of high quality tectonic geomorphology research. Moreover, field and GIS-based studies are increasingly paired with sophisticated numerical models to explore landscape evolution, geodynamics, structural, and time-temperature histories from the scale of individual faults and folds, to mountain ranges, or entire orogens. In this book we solicit contributions that address this subject, particularly those integrating multiple methods and applying innovative approaches. Tectonic Geomorphology will be of valuable for upper-level undergraduate and graduate earth science students and for practicing geologists and engineers because it applies concepts taught in geochemistry, sedimentology, seismology, soils genesis, stratigraphy, structural geology, and tectonics courses in an interdisciplinary manner that has obvious environmental applications.

Elements of 3D Seismology, Third Edition is a thorough introduction to the acquisition, processing, and interpretation of 3D seismic data. This third edition is a major update of the second edition. Sections dealing with interpretation have been greatly revised in accordance with improved understanding and availability of data and software. Practice exercises have been added, as well as a 3D seismic survey predesign exercise. Discussions include: conceptual and historical foundations of modern reflection seismology; an overview of seismic wave phenomena in acoustic, elastic, and porous media; acquisition principles for land and marine seismic surveys; methods used to create 2D and 3D seismic images from field data; concepts of dip moveout, prestack migration, and depth migration; concepts and limitations of 3D seismic interpretation for structure, stratigraphy, and rock property estimation; and the interpretation role of attributes, impedance estimation, and AVO. This book is intended as a general text on reflection seismology, including wave propagation, data acquisition, processing, and interpretation, and it will be of interest to entry-level geophysicists, experts in related fields (geology, petroleum engineering), and experienced geophysicists in one subfield wishing to learn about another (e.g., interpreters wanting to learn about seismic waves or data acquisition).

The use of diffraction imaging to complement the seismic reflection method is rapidly gaining momentum in the oil and gas industry. As the industry moves toward exploiting smaller and more complex conventional reservoirs and extensive new unconventional resource plays, the application of the seismic diffraction method to image sub-wavelength features such as small-scale faults, fractures and stratigraphic pinchouts is expected to increase dramatically over the next few years. Seismic Diffraction covers seismic diffraction theory, modeling, observation, and imaging. Papers and discussion include an overview of seismic diffractions, including classic papers which introduced the potential of diffraction phenomena in seismic processing; papers on the forward modeling of seismic diffractions, with an emphasis on the theoretical principles; papers which describe techniques for diffraction mathematical modeling as well as laboratory experiments for the physical modeling of diffractions; key papers dealing with the observation of seismic diffractions, in near-surface, reservoir, and crustal studies; and key papers on diffraction imaging.

New Edition: Waves and Rays in Seismology (2nd Edition)'The book is self-contained; the appendices are very helpful. Anyone with some background in classical physics will be able to follow the developments in the book. Overall, I found the book to be an excellent read and I would recommend it to students and researchers in seismology.'The Leading EdgeThe author dedicates this book to readers who are concerned with finding out the status of concepts, statements and hypotheses, and with clarifying and rearranging them in a logical order. It is thus not intended to teach tools and techniques of the trade, but to discuss the foundations on which seismology - and in a larger sense, the theory of wave propagation in solids - is built. A key question is: why and to what degree can a theory developed for an elastic continuum be used to investigate the propagation of waves in the Earth, which is neither a continuum nor fully elastic. But the scrutiny of the foundations goes much deeper: material symmetry, effective tensors, equivalent media; the influence (or, rather, the lack thereof) of gravitational and thermal effects and the rotation of the Earth, are discussed ab initio. The variational principles of Fermat and Hamilton and their consequences for the propagation of elastic waves, causality, Noether's theorem and its consequences on conservation of energy and conservation of linear momentum are but a few topics that are investigated in the process to establish seismology as a science and to investigate its relation to subjects like realism and empiricism in natural sciences, to the nature of explanations and predictions, and to experimental verification and refutation.

Providing geophysicists with an in-depth understanding of the theoretical and applied background for the seismic diffraction method, Classical and Modern Diffraction Theory covers the history and foundations of the classical theory and the key elements of the modern diffraction theory. Chapters include an overview and a historical review of classical theory, a summary of the experimental results illustrating this theory, and key principles of the modern theory of diffraction; the early cornerstones of classical diffraction theory, starting from its inception in the 17th century and an extensive introduction to reprinted works of Grimaldi, Huygens, and Young; details of the classical theory of diffractions as developed in the 19th century and reprinted works of Fresnel, Green, Helmholtz, Kirchhoff, and Rayleigh; and the cornerstones of the modern theory including Keller's geometrical theory of diffraction, boundary-layer theory, and super-resolution. Appendices on the Cornuspiral and Babinet's principle also are included.

The scope of engineering seismology includes geotechnical site investigations for buildings and engineering infrastructures, such as dams, levees, bridges, and tunnels, landslide and active- fault investigations, seismic microzonation, and geophysical investigations of historic buildings. These projects require multidisciplinary participation by the geologist, geophysicist, and geotechnical and earthquake engineers. A key objective of this book (SEG Investigations in Geophysics Series No. 17) by OEz Yilmaz is to encourage the specialists from these disciplines to apply the seismic method to solve the many challenging engineering problems they face. The broader scope of engineering seismology also includes exploration of earth resources, including groundwater exploration, coal and mineral exploration, and geothermal exploration. While focusing on the application of the seismic method to geotechnical site investigations, this book includes many case studies in all of the applications of engineering seismology.

Science Is Never "Settled" Thousands of scientists are convinced beyond any reasonable doubt that recent global warming is being caused by emissions of greenhouse gases and that we must act immediately to reduce these emissions or else we may render Earth unlivable for our children and our grandchildren. Some even say "the science is settled." What Really Causes Global Warming examines a broad range of observations that show that greenhouse warming theory is not only misguided, but not physically possible. Recent warming was caused by ozone depletion due to emissions of human-manufactured gases. We solved that problem with the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer stopping the increase in global temperatures by 1998. Volcanoes also deplete ozone. The eruption of Bardarbunga volcano in central Iceland from August 2014 to February 2015-the largest effusive, basaltic, volcanic eruption since 1783-caused 2015 to be the hottest year on record. How can we adapt? "The work of science has nothing whatever to do with consensus. Consensus is the business of politics. Science, on the contrary, requires only one investigator who happens to be right, which means that he or she has results that are verifiable by reference to the real world."- Michael Crichton, 2003

The author examines natural disasters around the Pacific Rim throughout history together with scientific data context to produce enlightening-and highly readable-entries. On March 11, 2011, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake struck off Japan's coast, triggering a powerful tsunami. The massive destruction that resulted proved that not even sophisticated, industrialized nations are immune from nature's fury. Written to take some of the mystery out of the earth's behavior, this encyclopedia chronicles major natural disasters that have occurred around the Pacific Rim, an area nicknamed the "Ring of Fire" because of the volatile earth that lies above and below. The encyclopedia offers descriptions of deadly earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis through time. The entries provide in-depth information that promotes an understanding of the structure of the earth and earth processes and shares the insights of scientists whose work helps clarify the causes and effects of these cataclysmic events. At the same time, the work examines how the people and cultures of the Pacific Rim view this active part of the earth, how they live with the threat of disaster, and how they have been affected by major events that have occurred. Readers will come away with a holistic view of what is known, how this knowledge was gained, and what its implications may be. Features approximately 100 alphabetically arranged entries with insights into specific disasters, technology, key geographic features of the area, significant people, cultural beliefs, and more Includes a general introduction and overview of the geography and tectonic activity in the Pacific Rim countries Offers both historical and scientific information Explains complex natural phenomena and scientific concepts using nontechnical language and clear illustrations Provides relevant cross-references to related topics as well as to articles, books, and websites that offer further information

AVO (SEG Investigations in Geophysics No. 16) by Satinder Chopra and John Castagna begins with a brief discussion on the basics of seismic-wave propagation as it relates to AVO, followed by a discussion of the rock-physics foundation for AVO analysis including the use of Gassmann's equations and fluid substitution. Then, the early seismic observations and how they led to the birth of AVO analysis are presented. The various approximations for the Zoeppritz equations are examined, and the assumptions and limitations of each approximation are clearly identified. A section on the factors that affect seismic amplitudes and a discussion of the processing considerations important for AVO analysis are included. A subsequent section explores the various techniques used in AVO interpretation. Finally, topics including the influence of anisotropy in AVO analysis, the use of AVO inversion, estimation of uncertainty in AVO analysis, converted-wave AVO, and the future of the AVO method are discussed. Equally helpful to new entrants into the field as well as to seasoned workers, AVO will provide readers with the most up-to-date knowledge on amplitude variation with offset.

Based on the field investigation and the summary of the published research results of the April 20, 2013, Lushan, Sichuan, China, MS7.0 earthquake, having occurred along the same fault zone which accommodated the May 12, 2008, Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake, this Brief tries to describe and discuss the special earthquake phenomenology associated with both the local geology and the changing society. Since the occurrence of this earthquake, there have been the scientific debates on (1) the seismo-tectonics of this earthquake which has no primary seismic fault discovered on the surface of the ground; (2) the relation between this earthquake and the Wenchuan earthquake (i.e., whether it can be considered as one of the aftershocks); and (3) how well have been accomplished in the reduction of earthquake disasters, 5 years after the Wenchuan earthquake. This Brief also tries to introduce the studies and practice of Chinese seismological agencies for the reduction of earthquake disasters. Due to language and cultural barriers, such an introduction makes sense not only for English readers but also for Chinese readers. For example, people (abroad) are always asking why there are so many Chinese seismologists working on earthquake prediction. In fact the Chinese wording 'earthquake prediction' has a much wider coverage than that in English. And actually the Chinese approach to (time-dependent) seismic hazard has no systematic difference from outside world in its methodology.

Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings describes deficiency-based and systematic procedures that use performance-based principles to evaluate and retrofit existing buildings to withstand the effects of earthquakes. This next-generation standard combines the evaluation and retrofit process and puts forth a three-tiered process for seismic evaluation according to a range of building performance levels - from collapse prevention to operational - that marry targeted structural performance with the performance of nonstructural elements. The deficiency-based procedures allow the evaluation and retrofit effort to focus on specific potential deficiencies deemed, on the basis of past earthquake observations, to be of concern for a permissible set of building types and heights. The systematic procedure, applicable to any building, sets forth a methodology to evaluate the entire building in a rigorous manner. Analysis procedures and acceptance criteria are established and requirements put forth for foundations and geologic site hazards; components made of steel, concrete, masonry, wood, and cold-formed steel; architectural mechanical and electrical components and systems; and seismic isolation and energy dissipation systems. In addition, screening checklists are provided for a variety of building types and seismicity levels in support of the Tier 1 process. This standard updates and replaces the previous Standard ASCE/SEI 41-06, Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings, as well as Standard ASCE/SEI 31-03, Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings. Standard ASCE/SEI 41-13 serves structural engineers, design professionals, code officials, and building owners interested in improving the seismic performance of existing buildings.

On March 11, 2011, the largest earthquake ever recorded in Japan struck off the coast of the Tohoku region. This 9.0 magnitude earthquake induced shaking and tsunamis along more than 2000 km of Japanese coastline and damaged port and harbor facilities from metropolitan Tokyo to the northern extent of Honshu. In May 2011, the ASCE-COPRI Port and Harbor Facilities Field Survey Team worked closely with Japan's Ports and Airports Research Institute to conduct extensive field reconnaissance examining the tsunami and earthquake effects specific to port waterfront structures and ancillary components, such as cargo cranes, conveyance systems, and piping equipment. This investigation focused on the design and construction of these structures with an emphasis on the lessons learned from both failures and successes. Information from on-site observations and interviews with facility owners, eyewitnesses, researchers, and government officials are incorporated into this report. The broad area covered, from Soma to Hachinohe in the northern prefectures of Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima, facilitated the interpretation of damage patterns across the region affected by the earthquake, with a primary goal of distinguishing port damage due to strong ground shaking from that caused by subsequent and significant tsunami inundation. This report highlights field observations and initiates efforts to develop an extensive collection of geotechnical, structural, coastal, and seismological data. Port engineers, structural engineers, and disaster risk managers will find the field observations helpful in highlighting the most prevalent port vulnerabilities and the recommendations useful in improving the seismic performance of port facilities and protecting the lives of port personnel.

Microseismic Imaging of Hydraulic Fracturing: Improved Engineering of Unconventional Shale Reservoirs (SEG Distinguished Instructor Series No. 17) covers the use of microseismic data to enhance engineering design of hydraulic fracturing and well completion. The book, which accompanies the 2014 SEG Distinguished Instructor Short Course, describes the design, acquisition, processing, and interpretation of an effective microseismic project. The text includes a tutorial of the basics of hydraulic fracturing, including the geologic and geomechanical factors that control fracture growth. In addition to practical issues associated with collecting and interpreting microseismic data, potential pitfalls and quality-control steps are discussed. Actual case studies are used to demonstrate engineering benefits and improved production through the use of microseismic monitoring. Providing a practical user guide for survey design, quality control, interpretation, and application of microseismic hydraulic fracture monitoring, this book will be of interest to geoscientists and engineers involved in development of unconventional reservoirs.

Japan, which is among the most earthquake-prone regions in the world, has a long history of responding to seismic disasters. However, despite advances in earthquake-related safety technologies, the destructiveness of the magnitude 9 class earthquake and tsunami that struck the country on 3/11 raised profound questions about how societies can deal effectively with seismic hazards. This important book places the devastating earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear meltdown disaster in historical perspective, examining conceptions of earthquakes since the seventeenth century, the diverse ways actual earthquakes and their aftermath played out, and their enduring social and scientific significance. By looking backward, Gregory Smits identifies future pitfalls to avoid and assesses the allocation of resources for dealing with future earthquake and tsunami disasters. He criticizes Japan's postwar quest for earthquake prediction and the concept of "characteristic" earthquakes. Smits argues that earthquakes are so chaotic as to be unpredictable, not only geologically but also in their social and cultural effects. Therefore, he contends, the best hope for future disaster mitigation is antiseismic engineering and flexible disaster-relief capabilities. As the first sustained historical analysis of destructive earthquakes and tsunamis, this book is an essential resource for anyone interested in Japan, natural disasters, seismology, and environmental history.

When a magnitude 8.8 earthquake occurred off the coast of Chile on February 27, 2010, it affected 80 percent of Chile's population. Damage to lifelines was caused by strong ground shaking, permanent ground deformation, lateral spread, and a tsunami in the coastal areas of Bio Bio and Maule. Lifeline services were significantly disrupted for the first week, at a considerable cost to Chile's economy. This TCLEE report discusses in detail the effects of the earthquake, as observed by an ASCE-TCLEE team of civil engineers in April 2010. The team examined the performance of lifeline infrastructure systems, including transportation, ports, gas and liquid fuel, electric power, telecommunications, water and wastewater, and airports. An overview of each system's performance is provided, followed by a description of the damage to specific sectors or locations. An analysis of infrastructure interdependencies and resilience in Chile is included, as well as a report on emergency response, recovery, and social impact. This monograph will be of particular interest to civil engineers, managers, planners, emergency management personnel, and government officials charged with maintaining lifeline infrastructure systems to withstand earthquakes and other natural hazards.

The Seismic Analysis Code (SAC) is one of the most widely used analysis packages for regional and teleseismic seismic data. For the first time, this book provides users at introductory and advanced levels with a complete guide to SAC. It leads new users of SAC through the steps of learning basic commands, describes the SAC processing philosophy, and presents its macro language in full, supported throughout with example inputs and outputs from SAC. For more experienced practitioners, the book describes SAC's many hidden features, including advanced graphics aspects, its file structure, how to write independent programs to access and create files, and much more. Tutorial exercises engage users with newly acquired skills, providing data and code to implement the standard methods of teleseismic shear-wave splitting and receiver function analysis. Methodical and authoritative, this is a key resource for researchers and graduate students in global seismology, earthquake seismology and geophysics.

Earthquakes have taught us much about our planet's hidden structure and the forces that have shaped it. This knowledge rests not only on the recordings of seismographs, but also on the observations of eyewitnesses to destruction. During the nineteenth century, a scientific description of an earthquake was built of stories - stories from as many people in as many situations as possible. Sometimes their stories told of fear and devastation, sometimes of wonder and excitement. In "The Earthquake Observers", Deborah R. Coen acquaints readers not only with the century's most eloquent seismic commentators, including Alexander von Humboldt, Charles Darwin, Mark Twain, Charles Dickens, Karl Kraus, Ernst Mach, John Muir, and William James, but also with countless other citizen-observers, many of whom were women. Coen explains how observing networks transformed an instant of panic and confusion into a field for scientific research, turning earthquakes into natural experiments at the nexus of the physical and human sciences. Seismology abandoned this project of citizen science with the introduction of the Richter Scale in the 1930s, only to revive it in the twenty-first century in the face of new hazards and uncertainties. "The Earthquake Observers" tells the history of this interrupted dialogue between scientists and citizens about living with environmental risk.

Because most sedimentary rocks encountered in oil and gas exploration are effectively anisotropic, it is imperative to properly estimate seismic anisotropy and incorporate it into data-processing and imaging algorithms. Seismology of Azimuthally Anisotropic Media and Seismic Fracture Characterization (SEG Geophysical References Series No. 17) presents a systematic analysis of seismic signatures for azimuthally anisotropic media and describes anisotropic inversion/processing methods for wide-azimuth reflection data and VSP (vertical seismic profiling) surveys. The main focus is on kinematic parameter-estimation techniques operating with P-waves as well as with the combination of PP and PS (mode-converted) data. The part devoted to prestack amplitudes includes azimuthal AVO (amplitude variation with offset) analysis and a concise treatment of attenuation coefficients, which are highly sensitive to the presence of anisotropy. Discussion of fracture characterization is based on modern effective media theories and illustrates both the potential and limitations of seismic methods. Field-data examples highlight the improvements achieved by accounting for anisotropy in seismic processing, imaging, and fracture detection.

The purpose of this book is to get a practical understanding of the most common processing techniques in earthquake seismology. The book deals with manual methods and computer assisted methods. Each topic will be introduced with the basic theory followed by practical examples and exercises. There are manual exercises entirely based on the printed material of the book, as well as computer exercises based on public domain software. Most exercises are computer based. The software used, as well as all test data are available from http: //extras.springer.com.

This book is intended for everyone processing earthquake data, both in the observatory routine and in connection with research. Using the exercises, the book can also be used as a basis for university courses in earthquake processing.

Since the main emphasis is on processing, the theory will only be dealt with to the extent needed to understand the processing steps, however references will be given to where more extensive explanations can be found.

Includes
Exercises
Test data
Public domain software (SEISAN)
available from http: //extras.springer.com

Methods and Applications in Reservoir Geophysics (SEG Investigations in Geophysics No. 15) not only demonstrates the value of geophysics in reservoir management but also shows how to apply geophysical technologies more effectively in reservoir studies. The chapter editors have selected more than 40 papers from SEG and other journals and have added 13 new contributions. In the reservoir-engineering tutorial, geophysicists will discover a rich source of information on issues and data that are critically important to the engineer. In the geophysics tutorial, the engineer and the geophysicist will find explanations of the tools and data discussed in the book's case studies. Each chapter then focuses on a different phase of field life: exploration appraisal, development planning, and production optimization. Geophysics is used in each of those stages to help address the critical technical issues and business decisions that the reservoir-management team faces. The case studies demonstrate the processes, methods, and techniques used in reservoir geophysics, not simply the results. The last chapter explores the road ahead and emerging technologies that define the future of reservoir geophysics. This book will be valuable for geophysicists, engineers, and all members of the reservoir-management team who want to ensure that the correct data are used to maximize reserves, optimize recovery, and contain costs.

The present book - which is the second, and significantly extended, edition of the textbook originally published by Elsevier Science - emphasizes the interdependence of mathematical formulation and physical meaning in the description of seismic phenomena. Herein, we use aspects of continuum mechanics, wave theory and ray theory to explain phenomena resulting from the propagation of seismic waves.The book is divided into three main sections: Elastic Continua, Waves and Rays and Variational Formulation of Rays. There is also a fourth part, which consists of appendices.In Elastic Continua, we use continuum mechanics to describe the material through which seismic waves propagate, and to formulate a system of equations to study the behaviour of such a material. In Waves and Rays, we use these equations to identify the types of body waves propagating in elastic continua as well as to express their velocities and displacements in terms of the properties of these continua. To solve the equations of motion in anisotropic inhomogeneous continua, we invoke the concept of a ray. In Variational Formulation of Rays, we show that, in elastic continua, a ray is tantamount to a trajectory along which a seismic signal propagates in accordance with the variational principle of stationary traveltime. Consequently, many seismic problems in elastic continua can be conveniently formulated and solved using the calculus of variations. In the Appendices, we describe two mathematical concepts that are used in the book; namely, homogeneity of a function and Legendre's transformation. This section also contains a list of symbols.

Volcanoes are essential elements in the delicate global balance of elemental forces that govern both the dynamic evolution of the Earth and the nature of Life itself. Without volcanic activity, life as we know it would not exist on our planet. Although beautiful to behold, volcanoes are also potentially destructive, and understanding their nature is critical to prevent major loss of life in the future.

Richly illustrated with over 300 original color photographs and diagrams the book is written in an informal manner, with minimum use of jargon, and relies heavily on first-person, eye-witness accounts of eruptive activity at both "red" (effusive) and "grey" (explosive) volcanoes to illustrate the full spectrum of volcanic processes and their products. Decades of teaching in university classrooms and fieldwork on active volcanoes throughout the world have provided the authors with unique experiences that they have distilled into a highly readable textbook of lasting value. Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion, Suggestions for Further Reading, and a comprehensive list of source references make this work a major resource for further study of volcanology.

Volcanoes maintains three core foci: Global perspectives explain volcanoes in terms of their tectonic positions on Earth and their roles in earth historyEnvironmental perspectives describe the essential role of volcanism in the moderation of terrestrial climate and atmosphereHumanitarian perspectives discuss the major influences of volcanoes on human societies. This latter is especially important as resource scarcities and environmental issues loom over our world, and as increasing numbers of people are threatened by volcanic hazards

Readership

Volcanologists, advanced undergraduate, and graduate students in earth science and related degree courses, and volcano enthusiasts worldwide.

A companion website is also available for this title at www.wiley.com/go/lockwood/volcanoes

This book provides an approachable and concise introduction to seismic theory, designed as a first course for undergraduate students. It clearly explains the fundamental concepts, emphasizing intuitive understanding over lengthy derivations. Incorporating over 30% new material, this second edition includes all the topics needed for a one-semester course in seismology. Additional material has been added throughout including numerical methods, 3-D ray tracing, earthquake location, attenuation, normal modes, and receiver functions. The chapter on earthquakes and source theory has been extensively revised and enlarged, and now includes details on non-double-couple sources, earthquake scaling, radiated energy, and finite slip inversions. Each chapter includes worked problems and detailed exercises that give students the opportunity to apply the techniques they have learned to compute results of interest and to illustrate the Earth's seismic properties. Computer subroutines and datasets for use in the exercises are available at www.cambridge.org/shearer.