"One of the major architects of comprehensive tax reform has revised his widely acclaimed book on tax policy to reflect the changes brought about by the Tax Reform Act of 1986 and all other major changes in tax laws since 1983. Joseph A. Pechman's Federal Tax Policy is a nontechnical book for general readers and students interested in taxation as an instrument of public policy. It emphasizes such current issues as a comprehensive income taxation, inflation adjustments in income taxation, graduated income taxes versus expenditure taxes, the effects of taxation on economic incentives, and fiscal relations between the federal and state and local governments. Pechman presents and evaluates contrasting views on most forms of taxation-personal and corporate income, general and selective consumption, payroll, estate and gift, property, and state and local--and offers a perceptive analysis of the process of tax legislation and the role of taxation in the fiscal policy. He also provides a valuable series of statistical table on tax developments and an extensive bibliography on tax theory and practice. "

This book was written with the specific purpose of combining in one concise volume the provisions of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 (the Act) as it applies to business activities.

The provisions of the Act regarding natural persons are dealt with in a separate book, A Student’s Approach to Income Tax: Natural Persons.

There is now almost universal acceptance that tax law is overly complex and indeterminate; and yet, there has to date been no comprehensive assessment of the role of the tax authority in the current arrangement. If the legislation and case law offer few immediate answers to the taxpayer, then the role of Her Majesty's Revenue & Customs (HMRC) in advising taxpayers becomes more apparent. This monograph contends that the provision of advice by HMRC is desirable by virtue of the rule of law and it follows that any such advice should be correct, clear, accessible and reliable. Additionally, there should exist some means of scrutinising the advice in order to check that it satisfies these criteria. Tax Authority Advice and the Public explores this view of HMRC's role in tax collection. It explains the deficiencies in the current system in this light, highlighting the pitfalls for taxpayers and practitioners as well as the potential remedies. Finally, the book assesses potential reforms which could be adopted in order to alleviate existing problems. A timely and ambitious work, this book is essential reading for practitioners and academics interested in the interaction between tax administration and public law.

The recession and the change of government have seen many changes in the British tax system which affect small businesses. Fully updated for the 2013 tax year and beyond, this trusted and bestselling guide will help you steer your small business through the bureucratic hoops. Tax matters for small businesses, because they must pay it correctly in order to stay legal, and they must pay it efficiently in order to stay competitive. This book, written by a chartered accountant who has helped small businesses for twenty years, helps you to do both.

This is a case study of legal transplant, economic development, cultural adaptation and political integration. Hong Kong's journey from British entrepot to China's international financial centre is one of the most interesting legal stories of our time. But Hong Kong's future is even more interesting: will this region with British-origin institutions survive full integration into China and become its permanent international financial centre? Does Hong Kong have the legal infrastructure to compete effectively with Shanghai and Singapore, and even New York and London? A Financial Centre for Two Empires presents Hong Kong's story, examines its corporate economy and securities market, assesses its corporate, securities and tax laws for doctrinal soundness and appropriate remedies, and evaluates the quality of their enforcement empirically. It closes with a view of Hong Kong from the perspective of developments in Beijing and Shanghai, including an examination of the important political dimension."

Mario Zimmermann prasentiert einen Meilenstein in der Forschung uber ein meist transaktionsbegleitend eingesetztes Bewertungsgutachten: die "Fairness Opinion". Dessen durch die Praxis formulierten vielschichtigen Funktionen werden von ihm ubersichtlich und trennscharf dargestellt. Im Anschluss analysiert er diese Funktionen theoretisch fundiert mittels einer innovativen Methodik und leitet konkrete Handlungs- und Gestaltungsempfehlungen fur Standardsetzer, beauftragende Verwaltungsorgane, Aktionare, Wirtschaftsprufer und Richter ab. Eine "Fairness Opinion" wird haufig von Vorstanden oder Aufsichtsraten beauftragt, um sich bei Unternehmenstransaktionen nicht dem Vorwurf auszusetzen, der Kauf-/Verkaufspreis sei nicht angemessen gewesen. Trotz der beobachtbaren hohen Popularitat dieses vermeintlichen Bewertungsgutachtens mangelte es diesem aber bisher an wissenschaftlicher Aufarbeitung.

The goal of this textbook is to provide the first complete overview of the issue of legal protection under international, European and German public law including the reciprocal interconnections based on a unified didactic concept.

In The Artful Aussie Tax Dodger Lex Fullarton studies the impact of 100 years of taxation legislation in Australia 1915-2016. He finds that despite the lessons of a century of actions and reactions of taxpayers and administrators little changes -- despite entering a new century old habits are hard to break. At Federation on 1 January 1901, the Commonwealth of Australia was empowered to impose income tax on its citizens. However, it was not until 3 September 1915 that it began a century of tax reform when its first Income Tax Assessment Act was introduced. For 100 years, driven by the winds of various political and social interests, Australia reviewed and reformed its tax legislation. Fullarton studies that transformation. Fullartons examination considers the oldest of tax planning entities -- the British Trust (received in Australia at colonisation) -- the introduction of Australias reformed consumption tax -- its VAT, referred to as Goods and Services Tax (GST) in Australia -- an analysis of tax avoidance schemes, and finally government taxation reform activities over the century. Fullarton notes that, just one year into a new century of taxation, the Australian Federal Government put forward a proposal to go forward to the past by repealing certain sections of the Income Tax Assessment Act and transferring Income Taxing powers back to the Australian States, a position which existed prior to 1936. This book looks at how Australias tax legislation was grounded, added to, avoided, and evolved, until it went Back to the Future. It is a collection of studies compiled from a rich mosaic of experience and research conducted over 20 years of involvement in taxation law in rural and remote Australia.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

The United States restricts the export of defense items or munitions, certain nuclear materials and technology and items that would assist in the development of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons or the missile technology used to deliver them. U.S. export controls are also used to restrict exports to certain countries on which the United States imposes economic sanctions, such as Cuba, Iran and Syria, and also controls certain exports in adherence to several multilateral non-proliferation control regimes. This book examines the U.S. export control system and the various aspects that have long been criticised by exporters, non-proliferation advocates and other stakeholders as being too rigorous, insufficiently rigorous, obsolete, inefficient or any combination of these descriptions.

The federal government supports infrastructure investment in a variety of ways. However, the most common means of providing a tax subsidy for infrastructure investment, by offering a tax exemption for interest on state and local bonds, is generally viewed to be an inefficient way to subsidise state and local borrowing, largely because the revenue cost to the federal government may exceed the interest-cost subsidy provided to state and local governments by a substantial amount. This book assesses the role of tax preferences in infrastructure investments in the United States and discusses the types of tax preferences for state and local bonds, and it also considers how the current system of tax preference might change as a result of greater use of tax-credit bonds.

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), 50 U.S.C. 1801 et seq., as passed in 1978, provided a statutory framework for the use of electronic surveillance in the context of foreign intelligence gathering. In so doing, Congress sought to strike a delicate balance between national security interests and personal privacy rights. Subsequent legislation expanded federal laws dealing with foreign intelligence gathering to address physical searches, pen registers and trap and trace devices, and access to certain business records. The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, P.L. 107-56, made significant changes to some of these provisions. Further amendments were included in the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002, P.L. 107-108, and the Homeland Security Act of 2002, P.L. 107-296, the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, P.L. 108-458, the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005, P.L. 109-177, and the USA PATRIOT Act Additional Reauthorizing Amendments Act of 2006, P.L. 109- 178. In addressing international terrorism or espionage, the same factual situation may be the focus of both criminal investigations and foreign intelligence collection efforts. Some of the changes in FISA under these public laws are intended, in part, to facilitate information sharing between law enforcement and intelligence elements. In its Final Report, the 9/11 Commission noted that the removal of the pre-9/11 "wall" between intelligence and law enforcement "has opened up new opportunities for co-operative action within the FBI." P.L. 110-55 limits the construction of the term "electronic surveillance" so that it does not cover surveillance directed at a person reasonably believed to be located outside the United States. It also creates a mechanism for acquisition, without a court order under a certification by the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) and the Attorney General, of foreign intelligence information concerning a person reasonably believed to be outside the United States. The Protect America Act provides for review by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) of the procedures by which the DNI and the Attorney General determine that such acquisitions do not constitute electronic surveillance. In addition, P.L. 110-55 authorises the Attorney General and the DNI to direct a person with access to the communications involved to furnish aid to the government to facilitate such acquisitions, and provides a means by which the legality of such a directive may be reviewed by the FISC petition review pool. A decision by a judge of the FISC petition review pool may be appealed to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review, and review by the U.S. Supreme Court may be sought by petition for writ of certiorari.

The volume traces back to a symposium held at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law in Hamburg and offers a broad comparative analysis of company and capital markets law in Germany and the Nordic states. It details the special elements of company law in Scandinavia that developed amid the twin forces of innovative experimentation and the drive for harmonization, contrasting them with the distinctive features of German company law. Further contributions deal with the newly created entrepreneur company in Germany and Denmark, as well as the role of shareholders and boards in public companies. It also contains detailed analyses of the law of company groups in Germany and the Nordic states. the volume is further rounded out with contributions on capital markets law and takeover law, including issues involving acting in concert, ownership disclosure and the interaction between the legislator and the takeover panel in Sweden.

This book explores the concept of beneficial ownership in equity law, the domestic tax laws of the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States, as well as its varied and increasing uses in international tax law. By analysing the evolution of beneficiary rights in equity and the use of beneficial ownership wording in tax law, the book draws a roadmap for dealing with beneficial ownership in both national and international tax law. This approach highlights those common misconceptions that can be avoided by understanding the origins of the concept and its engagement with equity, as well as the differences with tax law. However, the book does not limit itself to dealing with theoretical discussion, but also offers an instructive and detailed practical case study. Offering both academic commentary and a practitioner focus, the book will be of the utmost interest to scholars and practitioners from common and civil law countries dealing with tax and estate law, particularly given beneficial ownership's increasing relevance.