The recession and the change of government have seen many changes in the British tax system which affect small businesses. Fully updated for the 2013 tax year and beyond, this trusted and bestselling guide will help you steer your small business through the bureucratic hoops. Tax matters for small businesses, because they must pay it correctly in order to stay legal, and they must pay it efficiently in order to stay competitive. This book, written by a chartered accountant who has helped small businesses for twenty years, helps you to do both.

International Commercial Tax, 2nd edition takes account of the substantial developments of the last decade. With more than sixty percent new material, the book considers the outcomes of the OECD's BEPS project and the substantial consequential 2017 revisions of the OECD and UN Model tax treaties. With the continuing rise in the economic importance of non-OECD countries and the UK distancing itself from the EU, there has been a refocusing with less direct attention on UK domestic law and greater focus on the approaches of other significant countries, especially other common law jurisdictions. This provides greater flexibility as to how a particular point or issue is illustrated with practical examples. Greater attention is given to the UN Model, which is increasingly important. The book continues to compare the approach under model tax treaties with EU law and is updated with copious references and illustrations from the burgeoning jurisprudence of the EU Court.

UK Taxation for Students assumes absolutely no prior knowledge of UK taxation. It is completely self-contained covering the main areas of taxation studied at undergraduate level and initially for many professional exams. It can be used to support other texts and includes all the various allowances, tax rates etc. that a student may need at the front of the book. It is written in a user-friendly manner, avoiding "tax jargon" and using, wherever possible, plain and straightforward English. It includes numerous examples throughout the text designed to illustrate particular points and then provides further examples for you to try in Appendix 2. Appendix 3 includes over 100 True or False questions for you to dip into at any time to test your understanding. Appendix 1 I contains suggested some tips for studying tax. This book covers the main UK taxes; income tax (paid by individuals), capital gains tax (paid by individuals), corporation tax (paid by companies), value added tax (levied on consumers by businesses), inheritance tax (normally payable on the death of an individual) and National Insurance Contributions. Although primarily aimed at students studying at undergraduate level, these are the taxes that typically form the core of the syllabus for most of the UK's professional examinations in taxation such as those of the ACCA, AAT and possibly ATT, although no specific professional syllabus has been followed. In general, each of the chapters should be read through in the order that they are arranged as later chapters often assume knowledge from earlier chapters. Having said this, the Value Added Tax and Inheritance Tax chapters could be studied at any point, as a standalone as both are very different from the other taxes studied.

Mario Zimmermann prasentiert einen Meilenstein in der Forschung uber ein meist transaktionsbegleitend eingesetztes Bewertungsgutachten: die "Fairness Opinion". Dessen durch die Praxis formulierten vielschichtigen Funktionen werden von ihm ubersichtlich und trennscharf dargestellt. Im Anschluss analysiert er diese Funktionen theoretisch fundiert mittels einer innovativen Methodik und leitet konkrete Handlungs- und Gestaltungsempfehlungen fur Standardsetzer, beauftragende Verwaltungsorgane, Aktionare, Wirtschaftsprufer und Richter ab. Eine "Fairness Opinion" wird haufig von Vorstanden oder Aufsichtsraten beauftragt, um sich bei Unternehmenstransaktionen nicht dem Vorwurf auszusetzen, der Kauf-/Verkaufspreis sei nicht angemessen gewesen. Trotz der beobachtbaren hohen Popularitat dieses vermeintlichen Bewertungsgutachtens mangelte es diesem aber bisher an wissenschaftlicher Aufarbeitung.

The goal of this textbook is to provide the first complete overview of the issue of legal protection under international, European and German public law including the reciprocal interconnections based on a unified didactic concept.

The Panama Papers demonstrated that the superrich hide their wealth from the rest of us. Dirty Secrets shows that this was not by accident, but by design. It was the result of a powerful alliance of the wealthy, their advisers and the state that has undermined all attempts to solve the tax haven problem. This is because tax havens are the unacknowledged heart of globalized capitalism. Their purpose is to provide freedom from regulation. The exponents say this makes markets work and so we all gain. But this argument has now failed. Furthermore democracy itself is being threatened by the political fallout from the mistrust this regime has created. The result is that tax havens are now a threat to the very system that supposedly spawned it. Dirty Secrets is the most revelatory examination of the crisis by a leading expert, but also offers solutions on how governments can regulate havens and what the world might look like without them.

This book examines the most recent developments, analysis and research concerning taxation in the United States. Topics discussed in this compilation include a review of Constitutional authorities under which Congress regulates state taxation; a brief overview of the Internet Tax Freedom Act; legal issues of taxation of internet sales and access; current laws related to the repatriation of foreign earnings; energy tax initiatives; energy tax policies; and differences in definitions and rules in the tax code.

The financing of the federal government depends largely upon Internal Revenue Service's (IRS) ability to collect taxes, including providing taxpayer services that make voluntary compliance easier and enforcing tax laws to ensure compliance with tax responsibilities. This book analyses select IRS business units' budget and staffing; describes how IRS is managing in a constrained budget environment; assesses key data for information technology (IT) investments; and describes IRS progress in implementing selected United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) open recommendations. Furthermore, the book assesses IRS's strategy to address budget cuts and use of return on investment (ROI) analysis.

The Exempt Organizations (EO) unit within the Tax Exempt and Government Entities (TE/GE) division at the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) reviews organisations' applications for tax-exempt status to determine whether to grant status and oversees existing exempt organisations' compliance with the tax code. To identify exempt organisations for possible examination, EO uses a variety of information sources: for example, EO receives referrals of exempt organisation noncompliance from third parties, such as the public, and other parts of IRS. This book describes these processes and assesses the adequacy of examination selection controls.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA; P.L. 111-148, as amended) included a provision to impose an excise tax on high-cost employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) coverage beginning in 2018. This provision, popularly termed the Cadillac tax, imposes an excise tax on ESI coverage in excess of a predetermined threshold. The tax is imposed on the coverage provider, typically the health insurance provider or the entity that administers the plan benefits. Currently, employers' spending on ESI coverage and most employees' contributions to ESI plans are exempt from income and payroll taxes. Although proposals to limit the amount of health insurance benefits eligible for this exclusion were considered, the ACA, as enacted, did not limit the exclusion for employer-provided health insurance coverage. The Cadillac tax discourages high-cost employer health plans through another approach. This book examines several issues. It evaluates the potential of the Cadillac tax to affect health insurance coverage and the health care market. It also examines the expected incidence (burden) of the tax -- that is, which group's income will be reduced by the tax. Finally, the book discusses implications for economic efficiency in the context of tax administration.

The federal excise tax on alcoholic beverages is imposed at the manufacturer and importer level, based on the per unit production or importation of alcoholic beverages (eg: distilled spirits, wine, and beer) for sale in the U.S. market. Today, three main approaches drive interest in alcohol taxes: tax rates could be decreased to benefit firms in the industry; excise tax rates could be increased for deficit reduction; or excise tax rates could be increased to discourage the negative spillover effects of alcohol consumption. This book provides a brief historical overview of alcohol excise tax policy and a description of current law; analyzes alcohol excise tax rates based on some of the standard criteria for tax evaluation; and discusses bills introduced in the 113th Congress that would reduce current excise tax rates as well as possible approaches to raising alcohol excise tax rates.

The federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA) outlaws the possession, cultivation, or distribution of marijuana except for authorised research. Twenty states have regulatory schemes that allow possession, cultivation, or distribution of marijuana for medicinal purposes. Two have revenue regimes that allow possession, cultivation, or sale generally. The U.S. Constitution's Supremacy Clause preempts any state law that conflicts with federal law. Although there is some division, the majority of state courts have concluded that the federal-state marijuana law conflict does not require preemption of state medical marijuana laws. The legal consequences of a CSA violation, however, remain in place. Nevertheless, current federal criminal enforcement guidelines counsel confining investigations and prosecutions to the most egregious affront to federal interests. This book analyses some legal issues related to marijuana and provides some proposals to resolve the issues. It also discusses federal tax proposals for marijuana.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

On April 8, 2014 the Senate Committee on Finance held a hearing entitled "Protecting Taxpayers from Incompetent and Unethical Return Preparers". This book describes the rules governing paid tax return preparers and provides background relating to Internal Revenue Service regulation of the conduct of paid tax return preparers. The first section of this book describes Internal Revenue Code of 1986 rules relating to tax return preparers. The second section describes Treasury regulations relating to tax return preparers, including Circular 230. The third section describes court cases related to the application of Circular 230 to tax return preparers.

On July 22, 2014, the Senate Committee on Finance held a public hearing on the taxation of cross-border income. This book, prepared by the staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation for the hearing, includes a description of present law, background on recent global activity related to the taxation of cross-border income, and descriptions and a comparison of recent proposals to reform the U.S. international tax system.

This book examines the most recent developments, analysis and research concerning taxation in the United States. Topics discussed in this compilation include corporate tax expenditures and information on estimated revenue losses and related federal spending programs; taxing businesses through the individual income tax; refundable tax credits; the ability of unauthorised aliens to claim refundable tax credits; and master limited partnerships as a policy option for the renewable energy industry.

The United States restricts the export of defense items or munitions, certain nuclear materials and technology and items that would assist in the development of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons or the missile technology used to deliver them. U.S. export controls are also used to restrict exports to certain countries on which the United States imposes economic sanctions, such as Cuba, Iran and Syria, and also controls certain exports in adherence to several multilateral non-proliferation control regimes. This book examines the U.S. export control system and the various aspects that have long been criticised by exporters, non-proliferation advocates and other stakeholders as being too rigorous, insufficiently rigorous, obsolete, inefficient or any combination of these descriptions.

This book examines the current federal income tax laws which differentiate among families by type and structure in several ways. This differentiation has changed considerably over the years and includes personal exemptions, standard deductions, rate schedules, and various other features such as child care credits, age exemptions, and earned income credits. Discussed also is the legislative history of the Child Tax Credit; dependent care tax benefits; the major provisions of the federal estate, gift, and generation-skipping transfer taxes; and tax benefits for the adoption of children through federal grants to states and through the tax code.