The goal of this textbook is to provide the first complete overview of the issue of legal protection under international, European and German public law including the reciprocal interconnections based on a unified didactic concept.

The Panama Papers demonstrated that the superrich hide their wealth from the rest of us. Dirty Secrets shows that this was not by accident, but by design. It was the result of a powerful alliance of the wealthy, their advisers and the state that has undermined all attempts to solve the tax haven problem. This is because tax havens are the unacknowledged heart of globalized capitalism. Their purpose is to provide freedom from regulation. The exponents say this makes markets work and so we all gain. But this argument has now failed. Furthermore democracy itself is being threatened by the political fallout from the mistrust this regime has created. The result is that tax havens are now a threat to the very system that supposedly spawned it. Dirty Secrets is the most revelatory examination of the crisis by a leading expert, but also offers solutions on how governments can regulate havens and what the world might look like without them.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA; P.L. 111-148, as amended) included a provision to impose an excise tax on high-cost employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) coverage beginning in 2018. This provision, popularly termed the Cadillac tax, imposes an excise tax on ESI coverage in excess of a predetermined threshold. The tax is imposed on the coverage provider, typically the health insurance provider or the entity that administers the plan benefits. Currently, employers' spending on ESI coverage and most employees' contributions to ESI plans are exempt from income and payroll taxes. Although proposals to limit the amount of health insurance benefits eligible for this exclusion were considered, the ACA, as enacted, did not limit the exclusion for employer-provided health insurance coverage. The Cadillac tax discourages high-cost employer health plans through another approach. This book examines several issues. It evaluates the potential of the Cadillac tax to affect health insurance coverage and the health care market. It also examines the expected incidence (burden) of the tax -- that is, which group's income will be reduced by the tax. Finally, the book discusses implications for economic efficiency in the context of tax administration.

The financing of the federal government depends largely upon Internal Revenue Service's (IRS) ability to collect taxes, including providing taxpayer services that make voluntary compliance easier and enforcing tax laws to ensure compliance with tax responsibilities. This book analyses select IRS business units' budget and staffing; describes how IRS is managing in a constrained budget environment; assesses key data for information technology (IT) investments; and describes IRS progress in implementing selected United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) open recommendations. Furthermore, the book assesses IRS's strategy to address budget cuts and use of return on investment (ROI) analysis.

This book examines the most recent developments, analysis and research concerning taxation in the United States. Topics discussed in this compilation include a review of Constitutional authorities under which Congress regulates state taxation; a brief overview of the Internet Tax Freedom Act; legal issues of taxation of internet sales and access; current laws related to the repatriation of foreign earnings; energy tax initiatives; energy tax policies; and differences in definitions and rules in the tax code.

The Exempt Organizations (EO) unit within the Tax Exempt and Government Entities (TE/GE) division at the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) reviews organisations' applications for tax-exempt status to determine whether to grant status and oversees existing exempt organisations' compliance with the tax code. To identify exempt organisations for possible examination, EO uses a variety of information sources: for example, EO receives referrals of exempt organisation noncompliance from third parties, such as the public, and other parts of IRS. This book describes these processes and assesses the adequacy of examination selection controls.

Basiswissen und Geschaftsstrategien fur kunftige Internetstars und Influencer sowie fur Kunstler und Medienschaffende. Dieses Buch fuhrt praxisnah und verstandlich durch alle wesentlichen steuerlichen Themengebiete wie Meldepflichten, Rechtsform, Versicherungen, Einnahmen und Ausgaben u.v.m. Aufgrund der vielen steuerrechtlichen Fragen auf diesem neuen Gebiet ist es auch fur Steuerberater interessant, die sich schnell und umfassend mit der Materie vertraut machen wollen. Neben den unterschiedlichen Steuerarten und Rechtsfragen werden auch Fragen der Abgrenzung zur steuerrechtlichen Liebhaberei und die Kleinunternehmerregelung nach 19 UStG behandelt. Jedes Kapitel enthalt anschauliche Beispiele aus der beruflichen Praxis der Autoren. - Mit kommentierten Musterrechnungen und praktischen Tipps, um im Alltag Steuern zu sparen und die eigene Buchhaltung zu optimieren.

The federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA) outlaws the possession, cultivation, or distribution of marijuana except for authorised research. Twenty states have regulatory schemes that allow possession, cultivation, or distribution of marijuana for medicinal purposes. Two have revenue regimes that allow possession, cultivation, or sale generally. The U.S. Constitution's Supremacy Clause preempts any state law that conflicts with federal law. Although there is some division, the majority of state courts have concluded that the federal-state marijuana law conflict does not require preemption of state medical marijuana laws. The legal consequences of a CSA violation, however, remain in place. Nevertheless, current federal criminal enforcement guidelines counsel confining investigations and prosecutions to the most egregious affront to federal interests. This book analyses some legal issues related to marijuana and provides some proposals to resolve the issues. It also discusses federal tax proposals for marijuana.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

On April 8, 2014 the Senate Committee on Finance held a hearing entitled "Protecting Taxpayers from Incompetent and Unethical Return Preparers". This book describes the rules governing paid tax return preparers and provides background relating to Internal Revenue Service regulation of the conduct of paid tax return preparers. The first section of this book describes Internal Revenue Code of 1986 rules relating to tax return preparers. The second section describes Treasury regulations relating to tax return preparers, including Circular 230. The third section describes court cases related to the application of Circular 230 to tax return preparers.

On July 22, 2014, the Senate Committee on Finance held a public hearing on the taxation of cross-border income. This book, prepared by the staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation for the hearing, includes a description of present law, background on recent global activity related to the taxation of cross-border income, and descriptions and a comparison of recent proposals to reform the U.S. international tax system.

The federal excise tax on alcoholic beverages is imposed at the manufacturer and importer level, based on the per unit production or importation of alcoholic beverages (eg: distilled spirits, wine, and beer) for sale in the U.S. market. Today, three main approaches drive interest in alcohol taxes: tax rates could be decreased to benefit firms in the industry; excise tax rates could be increased for deficit reduction; or excise tax rates could be increased to discourage the negative spillover effects of alcohol consumption. This book provides a brief historical overview of alcohol excise tax policy and a description of current law; analyzes alcohol excise tax rates based on some of the standard criteria for tax evaluation; and discusses bills introduced in the 113th Congress that would reduce current excise tax rates as well as possible approaches to raising alcohol excise tax rates.

This book examines the most recent developments, analysis and research concerning taxation in the United States. Topics discussed in this compilation include corporate tax expenditures and information on estimated revenue losses and related federal spending programs; taxing businesses through the individual income tax; refundable tax credits; the ability of unauthorised aliens to claim refundable tax credits; and master limited partnerships as a policy option for the renewable energy industry.

This book examines the current federal income tax laws which differentiate among families by type and structure in several ways. This differentiation has changed considerably over the years and includes personal exemptions, standard deductions, rate schedules, and various other features such as child care credits, age exemptions, and earned income credits. Discussed also is the legislative history of the Child Tax Credit; dependent care tax benefits; the major provisions of the federal estate, gift, and generation-skipping transfer taxes; and tax benefits for the adoption of children through federal grants to states and through the tax code.

The United States restricts the export of defense items or munitions, certain nuclear materials and technology and items that would assist in the development of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons or the missile technology used to deliver them. U.S. export controls are also used to restrict exports to certain countries on which the United States imposes economic sanctions, such as Cuba, Iran and Syria, and also controls certain exports in adherence to several multilateral non-proliferation control regimes. This book examines the U.S. export control system and the various aspects that have long been criticised by exporters, non-proliferation advocates and other stakeholders as being too rigorous, insufficiently rigorous, obsolete, inefficient or any combination of these descriptions.

Federal law makes it a crime to utter "any obscene, indecent, or profane language by means of radio communication." Violators of this statute are subject to fines and imprisonment of up to two years, and the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) may enforce this provision by forfeiture or revocation of a broadcaster's license. Various federal officials have spoken in favour of extending the FCC's indecency restriction, which currently applies to broadcast television and radio, to cable and satellite television. This book examines whether such an extension would violate the First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of speech.

This book provides information on an issue of critical importance to tax administration in this country; the practice of sheltering U.S. earned income in foreign jurisdictions as a means of avoiding U.S. taxation. Each year, the United States loses an estimated $100 billion in tax revenues due to offshore tax abuses. Offshore tax havens today hold trillions of dollars in assets provided by citizens of other countries, including the United States. A related issue is the extent to which financial institutions in tax havens may be facilitating international tax evasion. About 50 tax havens operate in the world today with their twin hallmarks being secrecy and tax avoidance. Billions and billions of dollars worth of U.S. assets find their way into these secrecy tax havens, aided by banks, trust companies, accountants, lawyers, and from offshore tax abuses. This book discusses such sources of tax havens, as well as the steps that the IRS has taken to alleviate this problem.

Das Umwandlungsrecht hat in der Praxis in den letzten Jahren enorme Relevanz erlangt. Das hat dazu gefuhrt, dass diese sehr komplexe Rechtsmaterie in der juristischen Ausbildung stetig an Bedeutung gewonnen hat. An vielen Universitaten und Hochschulen gehoert das Umwandlungsrecht, oftmals in Verbindung mit dem Konzernrecht, seit langerem zum Schwerpunktbereich Wirtschaftsrecht. Das vorliegende Lehrbuch soll dem Leser den Einstieg in das Umwandlungs- und Spruchverfahrensgesetz ermoeglichen. Das Umwandlungsrecht und erganzend das Umwandlungssteuerrecht werden in den jeweiligen Grundzugen dargestellt. Einfuhrend werden die Systematik des Umwandlungsgesetzes, die Grundbegriffe und Verfahrensablaufe erlautert. Sodann werden die verschiedenen Umstrukturierungen - Verschmelzung, Spaltung, Vermoegensubertragung, Formwechsel sowie grenzuberschreitende Umwandlungsvorgange - systematisch dargestellt. Zusatzlich werden die besonderen Rechtsschutzverfahren sowie die steuerrechtlichen Grundlagen erklart. Durch einen standigen Fallbezug, die Darstellung praktischer Beispiele und kleiner Musterfalle sowie die eingefugten Kontrollfragen soll das Buch zugleich der gezielten Prufungsvorbereitung dienen. Die zahlreichen Verweise innerhalb der einzelnen Kapitel sollen zudem das Verstandnis fur das komplexe Zusammenspiel der umwandlungsrechtlichen Vorschriften foerdern. Mit Beitragen von: Christian Altgen, Nikolaus Bunting, Rudiger Haspl, Julia Kraft, Dieter Leuering, Julia Redenius-Hoevermann, Arnulf Reinthaler, Alexander von Rummel

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), 50 U.S.C. 1801 et seq., as passed in 1978, provided a statutory framework for the use of electronic surveillance in the context of foreign intelligence gathering. In so doing, Congress sought to strike a delicate balance between national security interests and personal privacy rights. Subsequent legislation expanded federal laws dealing with foreign intelligence gathering to address physical searches, pen registers and trap and trace devices, and access to certain business records. The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, P.L. 107-56, made significant changes to some of these provisions. Further amendments were included in the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002, P.L. 107-108, and the Homeland Security Act of 2002, P.L. 107-296, the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, P.L. 108-458, the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005, P.L. 109-177, and the USA PATRIOT Act Additional Reauthorizing Amendments Act of 2006, P.L. 109- 178. In addressing international terrorism or espionage, the same factual situation may be the focus of both criminal investigations and foreign intelligence collection efforts. Some of the changes in FISA under these public laws are intended, in part, to facilitate information sharing between law enforcement and intelligence elements. In its Final Report, the 9/11 Commission noted that the removal of the pre-9/11 "wall" between intelligence and law enforcement "has opened up new opportunities for co-operative action within the FBI." P.L. 110-55 limits the construction of the term "electronic surveillance" so that it does not cover surveillance directed at a person reasonably believed to be located outside the United States. It also creates a mechanism for acquisition, without a court order under a certification by the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) and the Attorney General, of foreign intelligence information concerning a person reasonably believed to be outside the United States. The Protect America Act provides for review by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) of the procedures by which the DNI and the Attorney General determine that such acquisitions do not constitute electronic surveillance. In addition, P.L. 110-55 authorises the Attorney General and the DNI to direct a person with access to the communications involved to furnish aid to the government to facilitate such acquisitions, and provides a means by which the legality of such a directive may be reviewed by the FISC petition review pool. A decision by a judge of the FISC petition review pool may be appealed to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review, and review by the U.S. Supreme Court may be sought by petition for writ of certiorari.

Most people would agree that tax systems ought to be 'just', and perhaps a great deal more just than they are at present. What is more difficult is to agree on what tax justice is. This book considers a range of different approaches to, and ideas about the nature of tax justice and covers areas such as: - imbalances in international tax arrangements that deprive developing countries of revenues from natural resources and allow wealthy taxpayers to use tax havens; - protests against governments and large business; - attempts to influence policy through more technical means such as the OECD's Base Erosion and Profits Shifting project; - interpersonal matters, such as the ways in which tax systems disadvantage women and minorities; - the application of wider philosophical or economic theories to tax systems. The purpose of the book is not to iron out these underlying differences into a grand theory, but rather to gain a more precise understanding of how and why we disagree about tax justice. In doing so the editors are assisted by a stellar cast of contributors from four continents, with a wide variety of views and experiences but a common interest in this central question of how to agree and disagree about tax justice. This is, of course, not only an intellectual exercise but also a necessary precursor to achieving real-world change.

There is now almost universal acceptance that tax law is overly complex and indeterminate; and yet, there has to date been no comprehensive assessment of the role of the tax authority in the current arrangement. If the legislation and case law offer few immediate answers to the taxpayer, then the role of Her Majesty's Revenue & Customs (HMRC) in advising taxpayers becomes more apparent. This monograph contends that the provision of advice by HMRC is desirable by virtue of the rule of law and it follows that any such advice should be correct, clear, accessible and reliable. Additionally, there should exist some means of scrutinising the advice in order to check that it satisfies these criteria. Tax Authority Advice and the Public explores this view of HMRC's role in tax collection. It explains the deficiencies in the current system in this light, highlighting the pitfalls for taxpayers and practitioners as well as the potential remedies. Finally, the book assesses potential reforms which could be adopted in order to alleviate existing problems. A timely and ambitious work, this book is essential reading for practitioners and academics interested in the interaction between tax administration and public law.

This book explores the concept of beneficial ownership in equity law, the domestic tax laws of the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States, as well as its varied and increasing uses in international tax law. By analysing the evolution of beneficiary rights in equity and the use of beneficial ownership wording in tax law, the book draws a roadmap for dealing with beneficial ownership in both national and international tax law. This approach highlights those common misconceptions that can be avoided by understanding the origins of the concept and its engagement with equity, as well as the differences with tax law. However, the book does not limit itself to dealing with theoretical discussion, but also offers an instructive and detailed practical case study. Offering both academic commentary and a practitioner focus, the book will be of the utmost interest to scholars and practitioners from common and civil law countries dealing with tax and estate law, particularly given beneficial ownership's increasing relevance.

This ground-breaking book brings clarity to the dynamically developing field of international tax law. It empowers individuals and corporate taxpayers to navigate their way around and helps tax authorities take taxpayers' rights into account from the beginning. The book is the result of several years of research conducted with the support of the International Law Association. Taxpayers in International Law puts taxpayers' rights on the global international tax agenda as the necessary counterweight and complement to Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS). Importantly, it pleads for a global minimum standard of legal protection of the fundamental rights of taxpayers and extracts the content of such rights from relevant constitutional principles of many countries around the world. The book is structured in 3 parts: Part I focusses on the legal sources and on the relations between taxation and international human rights law. Part II identifies general principles and specific taxpayers' rights, groups them into 3 categories (procedural, related to sanctions, and substantive), and analyses the different implications that arise in each of them. Part III features concrete proposals for establishing a global framework for the protection of taxpayers' rights, including guidelines for tax authorities. The book is a unique instrument for the daily work of practitioners and international tax scholars interested in securing the protection of taxpayer's fundamental rights, as well as for those involved in tax collection worldwide. Taxpayers can refer to the book to find out which rulings and concepts can help them enforce their rights; tax authorities and judges can use the book to verify which rights have to be respected.