This richly-illustrated book presents the information necessary for fiber analysis in the field of pulp and paper. A discussion of raw-material structure and the features used for species identification in pulp is followed up by the description of 117 fiber species. Of these, 83 are wood fibers and 34 are of nonwood origin. The tree species range across all five continents, 29 from Eurasia, 38 from North America and 16 from the southern hemisphere and the tropics. Informative micrographs, identification tables, and distribution maps aid species differentiation, making this atlas ideal for everyone interested in fiber identification.

What is the future of genetically modified (or transgenic) conifer plantations? The content of this edited volume Landscapes, Genomics and Transgenic Conifers addresses this question directly - and indirectly - using language drawn from policy, forest history, genomics, metabolism, pollen dispersal and gene flow, landscape ecology, evolution, economics, technology transfer and regulatory oversight. Although the book takes its title from a Nicholas School Leadership forum held November 17-19, 2004 at Duke University, its de novo contents move past the forum s deliberations. The result is a trans-disciplinary book composed of 14 chapters written by a total of 31 authors working in North America, South America, Europe and Africa.

The book is written for policy experts, life scientists, government and business leaders, biotechnology writers and activists. Few decision-makers realize the unprecedented degree to which transgenic technology is now possible for forests on a commercial scale. Only a handful of the 550 living conifer species is used for commodity value and even fewer species are being developed for transgenic plantations. Transgenic field trials started within the last decade but no transgenic pine plantations exist in 2005. But emergence of transgenic forest trees is still so recent that dialogue about the pros and cons is confined to the scientific community. And dialogue must move out into the public domain.

So little opportunity remains for opening public dialogue. The pursuit of transgenic research for forest trees is principally corporate so novel forest tree phenotypes are created as a means to increase shareholder value for investor companies. And while potential benefits will accrue to shareholders, ecological risks for certain transgenic traits are likely to be shared due to long-distance gene flow and inadequate bioconfinement measures. So this is a question riddled with tension. Without public deliberation, we should expect alienation of several interest groups. Alienation will lead to heightened clashes in the public policy arena or even radical environmental action. But how to move dialogue on transgenic forests forward? One must re-frame the issues behind transgenic conifer plantations.

The goal of this volume is to provide content for public deliberations about the genetic composition of future forests. Its Section I is composed of provocative and opposing views on the question of transgenic conifer plantations. Sections II and III follow with research advances on relevant conifer genomics and ecology research, respectively. Section IV forecasts rates of technology adoption for different case studies. Finally, Section V compares the status of regulatory oversight of transgenic forest trees between Canada and the United States. But will the book fulfil its goal? The burden of the answer lies with its readers. Will readers act or will transgenic forests be seen as too remote or simply too rural to bother with the angst of public deliberation? "

Solving the pulp and paper industries' environmental problems is essential to maintaining the forest industry and accommodating the changing economic needs of forest communities. This book explores the construction of new mills--operating on new technology that does not produce pollutants--which are vital to the pulp and paper industry.

This is a book about bubble prices, and their consequences, in the timber industry of the Pacific Northwest from 1979-1984. Bubble prices--unusual and rapid rises (and eventual drops) in the prices of a commodity--have been of theoretical interest to economists for many years. This study examines the unusual movements in the price of federal timber and the subsequent recession in the Northwest when timber buyers delayed harvests in order to postpone the realization of their losses on the contracts. Mattey argues that it was not so much the actions of the Federal Reserve, which had been widely blamed for the crisis, but rather the actions of the buyers themselves that caused the recession.

Wood is an ideal building material for sustainable architecture. It grows back and absorbs large quantities of CO2. But where does it actually come from in each case, and how will we make forestry and wood processing fit for the future? In what ways are conventional notions of professions and qualifications in architecture, engineering, and construction tested by using wood as building material? French journalist Michele Leloup together with architect Francois Leclercq-a pioneer of timber construction in France-have for a long time explored the ecological, economic, industrial, and technical challenges of using timber for major structures and urban architecture. This book summarises their findings using examples from the French forestry and construction industry. It also takes a look at Austria and the innovative work by Hermann Kaufmann, an internationally revered leader in the further development of traditional timber architecture. In addition, the book features five projects by Leclercq Associes. Richly and attractively illustrated with new images by French architecture photographer Cyrille Weiner, The Wood That Makes Our Cities offers a concise survey of topical questions and findings in contemporary timber construction. Text in French.

Orietta Da Rold provides a detailed analysis of the coming of paper to medieval England, and its influence on the literary and non-literary culture of the period. Looking beyond book production, Da Rold maps out the uses of paper and explains the success of this technology in medieval culture, considering how people interacted with it and how it affected their lives. Offering a nuanced understanding of how affordance influenced societal choices, Paper in Medieval England draws on a multilingual array of sources to investigate how paper circulated, was written upon, and was deployed by people across medieval society, from kings to merchants, to bishops, to clerks and to poets, contributing to an understanding of how medieval paper changed communication and shaped modernity.

Wood is an ideal building material for sustainable architecture. It grows back and absorbs large quantities of CO2. But where does it actually come from in each case, and how will we make forestry and wood processing fit for the future? In what ways are conventional notions of professions and qualifications in architecture, engineering, and construction tested by using wood as building material? French journalist Michele Leloup together with architect Francois Leclercq - a pioneer of timber construction in France - have for a long time explored the ecological, economic, industrial, and technical challenges of using timber for major structures and urban architecture. This book summarises their findings using examples from the French forestry and construction industry. It also takes a look at Austria and the innovative work by Hermann Kaufmann, an internationally revered leader in the further development of traditional timber architecture. In addition, the book features five projects by Leclercq Associes. Richly and attractively illustrated with new images by French architecture photographer Cyrille Weiner, The Wood That Makes Our Cities offers a concise survey of topical questions and findings in contemporary timber construction.

This four volume set covers the entire spectrum of pulp and paper chemistry and technology from starting material to processes and products including market demands. This work is essential for all students of wood science and a useful reference for those working in the pulp and paper industry or on the chemistry of renewable resources. Volume 3 provides an overview of paper production and the ways in which the chemistry of starting materials and processes influence its quality and properties. The work treats fundamental properties of the fibre wall and the consolidation of fibres during pressing and drying, surface chemistry of fibres and their influence on the interaction between fibres/paper and other materials, mechanisms behind the adsorption of polyelectrolytes to fibres and fillers, acid and alkaline sizing of paper, basic fluid mechanical behavior of fibre suspensions, web forming, web pressing and web drying in a modern paper machine, calandering and coating of paper.

Implementing Cleaner Production in the pulp and paper industry

The large--and still growing--pulp and paper industry is a capital- and resource-intensive industry that contributes to many environmental problems, including global warming, human toxicity, ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidation, acidification, nutrification, and solid wastes. This important reference for professionals in the pulp and paper industry details how to improve manufacturing processes that not only cut down on the emission of pollutants but also increase productivity and decrease costs.

"Environmentally Friendly Production of Pulp and Paper" guides professionals in the pulp and paper industry to implement the internationally recognized process of Cleaner Production (CP). It provides updated information on CP measures in:

Raw material storage and preparation

Pulping processes (Kraft, Sulphite, and Mechanical)

Bleaching, recovery, and papermaking

Emission treatment and recycled fiber processing

In addition, the book includes a discussion on recent cleaner technologies and their implementation status and benefits in the pulp and paper industry.

Covering every aspect of pulping and papermaking essential to the subject of reducing pollution, this is a must-have for paper and bioprocess engineers, environmental engineers, and corporations in the forest products industry.

Other volumes in the latest edition of Pulp and Paper: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, 3rd Ed. Edited by James P. Casey Volume 1 Contents: Cellulose and Hemicellulose (G.D. McGinnis and F. Shaftzadeh). Lignin (W.G. Glasser). Pulpwood (W.J. Bublitz). Pulping (J.N. McGovern, W.F. Daniell, et al.). Bleaching (V. Loras). Appendix. Index. 1980 Volume 3 Contents: Dry Strength Resins (W.F. Reynolds). Dry Strength Resins (R.B. Wasser). Natural Products for Wet-End Addition (B.T. Hofreiter). Filling and Loading (E. Bohmer). Internal Sizing (J.J. Keavney). Internal Sizing (R.J. Kulick). Retention Chemistry (K.W. Britt). Retention Chemistry (J. E. Unbehend). Wet Strength (K.W. Britt). Dyeing (H.A. Lips). Surface Sizing (M.L. Cushing). Properties of Paper (C.E. Brandon). 1980 Volume 4 Contents: Pigment Coating (C.L. Casey). Printing (M.H. Bruno). Reprography (M, A. Nielsen). Laminating (C.U. Turner). Corrugating (A.J. DiDominias). Corrugating (G.H. Klein). Paper Reinforcement by Polymer Addition (J.F. Waterhouse). Paper Laminates (J.L. Robertson). Aqueous and Solvent Coatings (L.J. Carlson). Extrusion and Hot Melt Coatings (K. Palenik). 1981

Parchment in the form of manuscripts, scrolls, charters, book covers and substrata for artworks, makes a major contribution to the most valuable objects of European cultural heritage. Large collections exist in varying degrees of preservation in public and private libraries, archives, museums and in diverse religious foundations. The degradation of parchment involves the decay of the intact fibre structure through different stages of alteration to a terminal stage when the fibre structure is close to complete disintegration. In contact with water or storage in moist conditions, the fibres then transform into a gelatinous substance. Objects made of parchment are of a very complex chemical and physical nature and sampling from these precious objects is normally highly restricted. Analysis therefore needs to be based on very accurate microanalytical or non-destructive methods which are able to produce valid results. Microanalysis of Parchment presents sampling techniques and non-destructive, microanalytical and semi-microanalytical methods for the analysis and testing of historic parchment based on visual, microscopical as well as chemical and physical techniques.The contributions in this volume represent the main achievements of the European joint project on parchment Methods in the Microanalysis of Parchment sponsored by the European Commission.

For every man who has ever conjured up a picture of himself felling trees in a roar of chainsaw noise and power, "The Backyard Lumberjack" is an account of dreams fulfilled. Father and son lumberjacks Stephen and Frank Philbrick have enjoyed the thrilling destruction of felling, bucking, and splitting timber for hundreds of cords of firewood. Together they bring practical instruction and first-hand advice to every man with a chainsaw. Before there can be any felling of trees or satisfying shouting of Timberl, every potential lumberjack must choose the proper saw. The Philbricks offer buying advice based on the quantity of wood to be cut and the amount of time to be spent on the job. They provide diagrams of chain-saw parts, functions, and maintenance requirements; tables and charts of saw specifications and firewood volume; and personal cautionary tales of on-the-job injuries arm potential lumberjacks with the necessary tools to make informed choices. Chainsaw in hand, father and son move on to detailed instructions on managing a woodlot, felling and bucking, splitting and stacking, and even include fun facts on burning. For every lumberjack chore they offer advice on equipment (chaps, helmets, felling wedges, hatchets, mauls, peeves), careful procedural instruction, safety and efficiency strategies, and always their humorous anecdotes and tales of tree adventure. For the rural lumberjack with acres of wood- land, the suburban guy with a cord of wood to split and stack for the fireplace, or the urban guy who just likes to think about chainsaws, "The Backyard Lumberjack" is as much an engaging read on the legends and experiences of lumberjacking as a practical reference guide.

The nine contributions in The Trade in Papers Marked with non-Latin Characters initiated by Anne Regourd approach global history through the paper trade in Africa and Asia, mainly in the 19th-20th C. Les neuf contributions de Le commerce des papiers a marques a caracteres non-latins, dont Anne Regourd (ed.) est a l'initiative, projette de traiter d'histoire globale par le commerce du papier, principalement en Afrique et en Asie des xixe et xxe s.

The traditional pulp and paper producers are facing new competitors in tropical and subtropical regions who use the latest and largest installed technologies, and also have wood and labor cost advantages. Due to the increasing global competition, the forest products prices will continue to decrease. To remain viable, the traditional producers need to increase revenue by producing bioenergy and biomaterials in addition to wood, pulp, and paper products. In this so-called Integrated Products Biorefinery, all product lines are highly integrated and energy efficient. Integrated Products Biorefineries present the forest products industry with a unique opportunity to increase revenues and improve environmental sustainability. Integrated Products Biorefinery technologies will allow industry to manufacture high-value chemicals, fuels, and/or electric power while continuing to produce traditional wood, pulp, and paper products. The industry already controls much of the raw material and infrastructure necessary to create Integrated Products Biorefineries, and Agenda 2020 partnerships are speeding development of the key enabling technologies. Once fully developed and commercialized, these technologies will produce enormous energy and environmental benefits for the industry and the nation. "Biorefinery in the Pulp and Paper Industry" presents the biorefining concept, the opportunities for the pulp and paper industry, and describes and discusses emerging biorefinery process options. This book also highlights the environmental impact and the complex and ambiguous decision-making challenges that mills will face when considering implementing the biorefinery.

- Provides up-to-date and authoritative information, citing pertinent research, on this timely and important topic

- Covers in great depth the biorefining concept, opportunities for the pulp and paper industry, and emerging biorefinery process options

- Highlights the environmental impact and the complex and ambiguous decision-making challenges that mills will face when considering implementing the biorefinery

This atlas presents anatomical descriptions of the xylem, bark and pith of 264 species belonging to71 families. It highlights the anatomical diversity of trees, shrubs, dwarf shrubs, woody lianas and several of the prominent perennial herbs from the Eastern Mediterranean region, with a focus on the island of Cyprus. The island s topography and biogeographic history combine to provide a wide range of habitats and diverse flora including widespread, endemic, and ornamental species.

The monograph for each species includes a description of the anatomical structures of the stem and twig xylem and the twig s bark and pith, as well as color micrographs of double-stained sections of each of these plant parts. These entries are accompanied by a photograph and a brief description of the plant including stem wood density, height, habit, flower, leaf and fruit characteristics, and a map showing its geographic and altitudinal distribution in the region. Xylem descriptions follow the IAWA lists of microscopic features for hardwood and softwood identification. For bark and pith descriptions, a new coding system developed by the authors is applied. Lastly, the work offers a key for wood identification that was developed to differentiate between groups of species by using a small number of features that are unambiguous and clearly visible. The atlas will be a valuable guide for botanists, ecologists, foresters, archeologists, horticulturists and paleobotanists.

"

Oxbow says: Henry's Mill was just one of thousands of sawmills established in Victoria (Australia) from the 1850s to the Second World War. Rather than focusing on industrial and technological aspects of the mill, Peter Davies presents a social and material history of the lives of the men, women and children living and working at the mill. Based on archaeological and historical evidence, including documentary and oral sources, he asks who the people were that moved to the mill to seek work, where they had come from and their motives for re-locating. He goes on to study their living and working conditions, hygiene, illness and injury, the supply of goods and, and markets for the timber, as well as issues of community development, isolation, integration and consumption practices within the community of Henry's Mill.

This comprehensive book describes cork as a natural product, as an industrial raw-materials, and as a wine bottle closure. From its formation in the outer bark of the cork oak tree to the properties that are of relevance to its use, cork is presented and explained including its physical and mechanical properties.
The industrial processing of cork from post-harvest procedures to the production of cork agglomerates and composites is described.
Intended as a reference book, this is the ideal compilation of scientific knowledge on state-of-the-art cork production and use
Key Features:
*Presents comprehensive coverage from cork formation to post-harvest procedures
*Explains the physical properties, mechanical properties and quality of cork
*Addresses topics of interest for those in food science, agriculture and forestry

Assuming you don't want your cabinets, ready-to-assemble (RTA) furniture or other products made from plywood to smell like dirty diapers, a quick look at the Complete Guide to Hardwood Plywood and Face Veneer by Ang Schramm is in order. According to Schramm, South American Lapuna Sumauma wood has a high starch content that is susceptible to attack by anaerobic bacteria while sitting on the bottoms of holding ponds at the veneer plant. The byproducts, butyric acid and caproic acid, exude an odor that may not always be noticeable in properly dried wood in dry conditions but becomes offensive when humidity increases. As can be expected, veneer from this species is in low demand and therefore cheap, and manufacturers buying on price point alone can find themselves in possession of a product whose odor is, at this time, irreversible and without remedy. Not all of the content in this book is so esoteric. The book's 157 pages are organized into sections covering variations in appearance, the veneer manufacturing process, types of veneer matching, grades and product standard, substrates, the hardwood plywood manufacturing process, meeting customer expectations, and troubleshooting common problems. Liberally sprinkled with black-and-white photographs and diagrams, the book gives excellent detail on describing, the processes of plywood and veneer manufacturing so the reader can better understand the advantages and limitations of the product and the various processes. For instance, the chapter on troubleshooting provides a diagram showing why one side of veneer (tight side) is more heat-reflective and impervious to finish than is the other (loose) side, which is more light-refractive and absorbent. By understanding the relative differences between the sides and why those differences exist, it is then possible to present an explanation why starch book-matching veneers has the problem of adjacent sheets of veneer having different light-reflecting/refracting and finish absorbing characteristics. The manual can then proceed to explain different techniques to overcome the variation and present a more uniform appearance (in this case, glue-sizing or wash coating) and to recommend specific products to help achieve the desired result.

Designed to work effectively both as a manual for the logging industry and as a textbook for timber harvesting courses. The sequence of the chapters on logging and associated activities coincides with the consecutive steps in logging - from acquiring the timber through its final transport. This second edition emphasizes environmental considerations - such as the increasing need to reduce excessive soil movement and subsequent siltation.

An in-depth look at the chemistry and chemical technology involved in the manufacture of pulp and paper, the properties of paper, and the uses for paper. This new edition contains contributions by forty recognized authorities in the field. Emphasizes the underlying science and technology and reviews, in detail, chemical and engineering principles. Includes numerous tables, illustrations, and a complete bibliography.

Lignin is the main natural resource of aromatic structures on Earth. With the depletion of fossil oil and increased environmental concerns, renewable resources for energy and chemical production have attracted tremendous attention from scientists and engineers. As a renewable aromatic polymer, lignin has been, for a long time, studied in terms of its biosynthesis, structures, reactivities and applications although few portions of lignins available from the industry, mainly pulping mills, have been utilised for various applications. The key for complete and efficient utilisation of lignins is that all aspects, including lignin biosynthesis, structures, functionalities, and properties, about lignins should be understood. Another important attribute related to lignin utilisation comes from analytical methods essential for our understanding of lignins and mechanisms involved in various processes. This book provides critical reviews and the latest research results relating to selected fields of lignin biosynthesis, functional characterisation and applications.

The U.S. pulp and paper industry consumes over $7 billion worth of purchased fuels and electricity per year. Energy efficiency improvement is an important way to reduce these costs and to increase predictable earnings, especially in times of high energy price volatility. There are a variety of opportunities available at individual plants in the U.S. pulp and paper industry to reduce energy consumption in a cost-effective manner. This book discusses energy efficiency practices and energy-efficient technologies that can be implemented at the component, process, facility and organisational levels. An overview of the trends, structure and energy consumption characteristics of the U.S. pulp and paper industry, along with descriptions of the major process technologies used within the industry are discussed.

A practical, proven approach to failure analysis of wood and wood-based products using a full range of forensic analysis methods In "Failure Analysis of Wood and Wood-Based Products" an expert in the areas of failure analysis, coatings, and wood preservatives presents innovative ways to analyze obvious wood failure and answer the important question of what went wrong--and who has to pay. The book provides an in-depth look at the various common causes of damage to wood and wood-based materials, including surface and coating damage by chemical influences, damage linked to design and conditions of use, and material characteristics. Analytical methods that can in many cases be carried out locally are presented. Offers a full range of forensic analysis methods, including wood moisture measurement, light microscopy, physical and chemical processes, frottage, imprints, lighting, and staining Many of the described techniques are easy to perform and do not require bringing in outside experts. The methods are designed to clearly convey findings to persons of any background and level of understanding