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Paradoxical Effects of Social Behavior - Essays in Honor of Anatol Rapoport (Paperback, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1986)
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Paradoxical Effects of Social Behavior - Essays in Honor of Anatol Rapoport (Paperback, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1986)
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In the history of science "paradoxes" are not only amusing puzzles
and chal lenges to the human mind but also driving forces of
scientific development. The notion of "paradox" is intimately
related to the notion of "contradiction." Logi cal paradoxes allow
for the derivation of contradictory propositions (e.g. "Rus sell's
set of all sets not being members of themselves" or the ancient
problem with propositions like "I am lying" 1), normative paradoxes
deal with contradic tions among equally well accepted normative
postulates (Arrow's "impossibility theorem," Sen's "Impossibility
of a Paretian Liberal") and "factual" paradoxes refer to conflicts
between conventional opinion based on an accepted empirical theory
and contradictory empirical evidence (e.g. the "St. Petersburg
paradox" or the "Allais paradox" in decision theory2). Paradoxes,
either logical, normative or factual, also contradict our intui
tions. The counter-intuitive property which seems to be a common
feature of all paradoxes plays an important part in the empirical
social sciences, particularly in the old research tradition of
scrutinizing the unintended consequences of pur posive actions.
Expectations based on naive theories ignoring interdependencies
between individual actions are very often in conflict with
"surprising" empirical evidence on collective results of social
behavior. Examples are numerous reach ing from panic situations,
the individual struggle for status gains resulting in collective
deprivation, the less than optimal supply of collective goods etc.
to global problems of the armament race and mismanagement of common
resources."
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