On November 7, 1938, a Jewish teenager, Herschel Grynszpan,
fatally shot a German diplomat in Paris. Within three days
anti-Jewish violence erupted throughout Germany, initially incited
by local Nazi officials, and ultimately sanctioned by the decisions
of Hitler and Goebbels at the pinnacle of the Third Reich. As
synagogues burned and Jews were beaten in the streets, police stood
aside. Men, women, and children many neighbors of the victims
participated enthusiastically in acts of violence, rituals of
humiliation, and looting. By the night of November 10, a nationwide
antisemitic pogrom had inflicted massive destruction on synagogues,
Jewish schools, and Jewish-owned businesses. During and after this
spasm of violence and plunder, 30,000 Jewish men were rounded up
and sent to concentration camps, where hundreds would perish in the
following months.
Kristallnacht revealed to the world the intent and extent of
Nazi Judeophobia. However, it was seen essentially as the work of
the Nazi leadership. Now, Alan Steinweis counters that view in his
vision of Kristallnacht as a veritable pogrom a popular cathartic
convulsion of antisemitic violence that was manipulated from above
but executed from below by large numbers of ordinary Germans
rioting in the streets, heckling and taunting Jews, cheering
Stormtroopers' hostility, and looting Jewish property on a massive
scale.
Based on original research in the trials of the pogrom's
perpetrators and the testimonies of its Jewish survivors, Steinweis
brings to light the evidence of mob action by all sectors of the
civilian population. Kristallnacht 1938 reveals the true depth and
nature of popular antisemitism in Nazi Germany on the eve of the
Holocaust.
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