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Selected Philosophical Works (Paperback)
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Selected Philosophical Works (Paperback)
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Alexander Herzen (1812 -1870) was a prominent nineteenth-century
Russian social thinker and 'father of Russian socialism', Early in
his intellectual development, Herzen was influenced by German
idealist thinkers such as Schiller and Schelling. He believed in
the autonomy and dignity of the individual and opposed forces, such
as family and state, that oppressed the individual. Later, under
the influence of French socialist thinkers such as Charles Fourier,
Herzen's thought became more radical. Herzen projected his earlier
concern for the oppressed individual onto society at large and he
became a supporter of socialism. The socialism he envisioned was a
loose federation of self-governing communes. Only in such a system
could the ideal society be achieved - according to Herzen that
society would be a free association of individuals which provided
for the full flowering of each personality. Herzen initially placed
his hopes for this future order in the European socialist movement.
After the failure of the 1848 revolutions to achieve socialist
principles, however, Herzen became disillusioned about European
prospects and turned his attention to Russia. Herzen argued that
socialist transformation would actually come first to Russia
because communal institutions such as the peasant commune survived
and bourgeois attitudes hadn't yet emerged. This sense of the
advantages of Russian 'backwardness' was influential among the
Populists in the 1870s. Herzen has been called a 'gentry
revolutionary.' The illegitimate son of a wealthy landowner, Herzen
viewed the gentry as a progressive class. The revolution he
envisioned was for the people but not necessarily by them. Also,
his socialism was a nationaldestiny rather than a class one, and
because he promoted the value of individualism in collectivist form
- in other words, the full flowering of the individual could best
be realized in a socialist order.
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