Gradiometry is a multidisciplinary area that combines theoretical
and applied physics, ultra-low noise electronics, precision
engineering, and advanced signal processing. All physical fields
have spatial gradients that fall with distance from their sources
more rapidly than the field strength itself. This makes the
gradient measurements more difficult. However, there has been a
considerable investment, both in terms of time and money, into the
development of various types of gradiometers driven by the
extremely valuable type of information that is contained in
gradients. Applications include the search for oil, gas, and
mineral resources, GPS-free navigation, defence, space missions,
medical research, and some other applications. The author describes
gravity gradiometers, magnetic gradiometers, and electromagnetic
(EM) gradiometers. The first two types do not require any active
sources of the primary physical fields whose gradients are
measured, such as gravity field and ambient magnetic field. EM
gradiometers do require a primary EM field, pulsed, or sinusoidal,
which propagates through media and creates a secondary EM field.
The latter one contains information about the non uniformness of
electromagnetically active media such as conductivity and magnetic
permeability contrasts. These anomalies are the boundaries of
mineral deposits, oil and gas traps, underground water reserves,
buried artifacts, unexploded ordnance (UXO), nuclear submarines,
and even cancerous human tissue. This book provides readers with a
comprehensive introduction, history, potential applications, and
current developments in relation to some of the most advanced
technologies in the 21st Century. Most of the developments are
strictly controlled by Defence Export Control rules and
regulations, introduced in all developed countries that typically
require permission to transfer relevant information from one
country to another. The book is based on the materials that have
been available in public domain such as scientific journals,
conferences, extended abstracts, and online presentations. In
addition, medical applications of EM gradiometers are exempt from
any control, and some new results relevant to breast cancer early
detection research are published in this book for the first time.
General
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