What is the difference between a wink and a blink? The answer is
important not only to philosophers of mind, for significant moral
and legal consequences rest on the distinction between voluntary
and involuntary behavior. However, "action theory" -- the branch of
philosophy that has traditionally articulated the boundaries
between action and non-action, and between voluntary and
involuntary behavior -- has been unable to account for the
difference.
Alicia Juarrero argues that a mistaken, 350-year-old model of
cause and explanation -- one that takes all causes to be of the
push-pull, efficient cause sort, and all explanation to be
prooflike -- underlies contemporary theories of action. Juarrero
then proposes a new framework for conceptualizing causes based on
complex adaptive systems. Thinking of causes as dynamical
constraints makes bottom-up and top-down causal relations,
including those involving intentional causes, suddenly tractable. A
different logic for explaining actions -- as historical narrative,
not inference -- follows if one adopts this novel approach to
long-standing questions of action and responsibility.
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