The struggle to integrate the Baltimore Orioles mirrored the fight
for civil rights. The Orioles debuted in 1954, the same year the
Supreme Court struck down public school segregation. As Baltimore
experienced demonstrations, white flight and a 1968 riot, team
integration came slowly. Black players - mostly outfielders - made
cameo appearances as white fans screamed racial epithets. The
breakthrough came in 1966, with the arrival of a more enlightened
owner, and African American superstar Frank Robinson. As more black
players filled the roster, the Orioles dominated the American
League from 1969 through much of the 1970s. Attempts to integrate
the team's executive suite were less successful. While black
players generally did not participate in civil rights actions,
several under Robinson's leadership pushed for front office jobs
for former black players. Drawing on primary sources and interviews
with former executives, players and sportswriters, this book tells
the story of the integration of the Orioles. The author describes
how tensions between community leaders and team officials aborted
negotiations to both increase black attendance and put an African
American in the club's executive ranks.
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