Histories of missions to American Indian communities usually
tell a sad and predictable story about the destructive impact of
missionary work on Native culture and religion. Many historians
conclude that American Indian tribes who have maintained a cultural
identity have done so only because missionaries were unable to
destroy it. In Creating Christian Indians, Bonnie Sue Lewis relates
how the Nez Perce and the Dakota Indians became Presbyterians yet
incorporated Native culture and tradition into their new Christian
identities.
Lewis focuses on the rise of Native clergy and their forging of
Christian communities based on American Indian values and notions
of kinship and leadership. Originally, mission work among the Nez
Perces and Dakotas revolved around white missionaries, but
Christianity truly took root in nineteenth-century American Indian
communities with the ordination of Indian clergy. Native pastors
saw in Christianity a universal message of hope and empowerment.
Educated and trained within their own communities, Native ministers
were able to preach in their own languages. They often acted as
cultural brokers between Indian and white societies, shaping Native
Presbyterianism and becoming recognized leaders in both tribal and
Presbyterian circles.
In 1865 the Presbyterian Church ordained John B. Renville as the
first Dakota Indian minister, and in 1879 Robert Williams became
the first ordained Nez Perce. By 1930, nearly forty Dakotas,
sixteen Nez Perces, a Spokane, and a Makah had been ordained. Lewis
has mined church and archival records, including letters from
Native ministers, to reveal ways in which early Indian pastors left
a heritage of committed Presbyterian congregations and a vibrant
spiritual legacy among their descendants.
Bonnie Sue Lewis is Assistant Professor of Mission and Native
American Christianity at the University of Dubuque Theological
Seminary in Iowa.
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