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Medical Radiation Dosimetry - Theory of Charged Particle Collision Energy Loss (Paperback, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2014)
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Medical Radiation Dosimetry - Theory of Charged Particle Collision Energy Loss (Paperback, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2014)
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Accurate radiation dosimetry is a requirement of radiation
oncology, diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine. It is
necessary so as to satisfy the needs of patient safety, therapeutic
and diagnostic optimisation, and retrospective epidemiological
studies of the biological effects resulting from low absorbed doses
of ionising radiation. The radiation absorbed dose received by the
patient is the ultimate consequence of the transfer of kinetic
energy through collisions between energetic charged particles and
atoms of the tissue being traversed. Thus, the ability of the
medical physicist to both measure and calculate accurately patient
dosimetry demands a deep understanding of the physics of charged
particle interactions with matter. Interestingly, the physics of
charged particle energy loss has an almost exclusively theoretical
basis, thus necessitating an advanced theoretical understanding of
the subject in order to apply it appropriately to the clinical
regime. Each year, about one-third of the world's population is
exposed to ionising radiation as a consequence of diagnostic or
therapeutic medical practice. The optimisation of the resulting
radiation absorbed dose received by the patient and the clinical
outcome sought, whether diagnostic or therapeutic, demands accuracy
in the evaluation of the radiation absorbed doses resulting from
such exposures. This requirement arrises primarily from two
broadly-encompassing factors: The requirement in radiation oncology
for a 5% or less uncertainty in the calculation and measurement of
absorbed dose so as to optimise the therapeutic ratio of the
probabilities of tumour control and normal tissue complications;
and The establishment and further refinement of dose reference
levels used in diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine to
minimise the amount of absorbed dose for a required degree of
diagnostic benefit. The radiation absorbed dose is the outcome of
energetic charged particles decelerating and transferring their
kinetic energy to tissue. The calculation of this energy
deposition, characterised by the stopping power, is unique in that
it is derived entirely from theoretical principles. This dominant
role of the associated theory makes its understanding of
fundamental to the calculation of the radiation absorbed dose to
the patient. The theoretical development of charged particle energy
loss recognised in medical physics textbooks is in general limited
to basic derivations based upon classical theory, generally a
simplified form of the Bohr theory. More advanced descriptions of,
for example, the Bethe-Bloch quantum result usually do not go
beyond the simple presentation of the result without full
explanation of the theoretical development of the theory and
consideration of its limitations, its dependencies upon the Born
perturbation theory and the various correction factors needed to
correct for the failures of that Born theory at higher orders. This
is not appropriate for a full understanding of the theory that its
importance deserves. The medical radiation physicist should be
aware of the details of the theoretical derivations of charged
particle energy loss in order to appreciate the levels of accuracy
in tabular data provided in reports and the calculation
methodologies used in modern Monte Carlo calculations of radiation
dosimetry.
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