During the Renaissance, horses--long considered the privileged,
even sentient companions of knights-errant--gradually lost their
special place on the field of battle and, with it, their
distinctive status in the world of chivalric heroism. Parrots, once
the miraculous, articulate companions of popes and emperors,
declined into figures of mindless mimicry. Cats, which were
tortured by Catholics in the Middle Ages, were tortured in the
Reformation as part of the Protestant attack on Catholicism. And
sheep, the model for Agnus Dei imagery, underwent transformations
at once legal, material, and spiritual as a result of their
changing role in Europe's growing manufacturing and trade
economies. While in the Middle Ages these nonhumans were endowed
with privileged social associations, personal agency, even the
ability to reason and speak, in the early modern period they lost
these qualities at the very same time that a new emphasis on, and
understanding of, human character was developing in European
literature.In "Animal Characters" Bruce Thomas Boehrer follows five
species--the horse, the parrot, the cat, the turkey, and the
sheep--through their appearances in an eclectic mix of texts, from
romances and poetry to cookbooks and natural histories. He shows
how dramatic changes in animal character types between 1400 and
1700 relate to the emerging economy and culture of the European
Renaissance. In early modern European culture, animals not only
served humans as sources of labor, companionship, clothing, and
food; these nonhuman creatures helped to form an understanding of
personhood. Incorporating readings of Shakespeare's plays, Milton's
"Paradise Lost," Margaret Cavendish's "Blazing World," and other
works, Boehrer's series of animal character studies illuminates a
fascinating period of change in interspecies relationships.
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