Physical and spectroscopic methods have been used jointly for
characterization of polymers for at least four decades. Yet, new
techniques permit increasingly refined determination of polymer
chemistry and morphol ogy_ The correlation of this knowledge with
physical properties of polymers is helpful to planned synthesis of
new products. The most prominent spectroscopic techniques through
the forties and fifties were infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy.
Nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance and MOssbauer
spectroscopy started making sig nificant contributions to polymer
chemistry in the early sixties. Still more recently fluorescence
spectroscopy and laser Raman spectroscopy have become readily appli
cable to polymers and are contributing significantly to the
understanding of the relationship between polymer structure and
properties. Determination of the distribution of monomer se quences
by molecular size has become possible through combined gel
permeation chromatography and spectroscopic analysis. Fragments of
polymers from chemical break down or from pyrolysis are further
fractionated and structurally analyzed. The relationship between
the chemistry of polymers and performance can be determined from
changes in chemical structure and orientation after curing,
degradation, or physical or thermal manipulation of the polymers."
General
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