Travel in Tokugawa Japan was officially controlled by bakufu and
domainal authorities via an elaborate system of barriers, or
sekisho, and travel permits; commoners, however, found ways to
circumvent these barriers, frequently ignoring the laws designed to
control their mobility, in this study, Constantine Vaporis
challenges the notion that this system of travel regulations
prevented widespread travel, maintaining instead that a "culture of
movement" in Japan developed in the Tokugawa era.
Using a combination of governmental documentation and travel
literature, diaries, and wood-block prints, Vaporis examines the
development of travel as recreation; he discusses the impact of
pilgrimage and the institutionalization of alms-giving on the
freedom of movement commoners enjoyed. By the end of the Tokugawa
era, the popular nature of travel and a sophisticated system of
roads were well established: Vaporis explores the reluctance of the
bakufu to enforce its travel laws, and in doing so, beautifully
evokes the character of the journey through Tokugawa Japan.
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