This volume is the first of a series on Physical Techniques in the
Study of Art, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage. It follows a
successful earlier publication by Elsevier (Radiation in Art and
Archaeometry).
There has been an upsurge of interest world wide in cultural
heritage issues, and in particular, large organizations such as
UNESCO and the European Union are active in providing funding for a
very diverse range of projects in cultural heritage preservation.
It is perceived that it is essential to preserve the cultural
heritage of societies, both to benefit the future generations of
those societies, and to inform other cultures.
A growing need exists for the education of conservators and
restorers because it is these professionals who will make decisions
on how best to preserve our cultural heritage. This book series
therefore has as its primary aim, the dissemination of technical
information on scientific conservation to scientific conservators,
museum curators, conservation science students, and other
interested people.
Scientific conservation, as a discipline, is a comparatively modern
concept. Interested scientists have for many years addressed
scientific problems associated with cultural heritage artefacts.
But their involvement has been sporadic and driven by the needs of
individual museums, rather than a personal lifetime study of issues
of conservation of for example, buildings, large functional
objects, paintings, and so on.
In this book series contributors will come from both interested
scientists and the museum-based scientists. The authors have been
selected with an eye to involving young, and well as established,
scientists.
Dr Jean Louis Boutaine, was Head of the Research Department of the
Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musees de France at the
Louvre. Dr Boutaine has had a most distinguished career within the
conservation science community. He writes here on the concept of
the Modern Museum.
Professor Casali is responsible for the teaching of Archaeometry at
the University of Bologna. He has developed advanced equipment for
both micro-Computer Tomography and for large-object Computer
Tomography. His chapter deals with X-ray, neutron, and digital
radiography as applied to the study of objects of cultural heritage
significance.
Professor Tim Wess holds the Chair of Biomaterials in the
Biophysics Division in the School of Optometry and Vision Science
at Cardiff University. The systems in which he is interested
contain collagen, fibrillin, and cellulose (which relate, in the
cultural heritage discipline, to an interest in parchment and
papers). A parallel interest is in the structure of bone and
artificial composite materials (which relates to his interest in
historical studies of bone materials). Chapter 3 will describe the
techniques used to study alteration to structure of minerals in the
bone. Preservation of intact bone mineral crystallites has been
shown to relate to the endurance of amplifiable ancient DNA from
archaeological and fossil bone. In collaboration with Drs K.
Nielsen and Rene Larsen (School of Conservation, Copenhagen,
Denmark) Tim Wess has analyzed the deterioration of historic
parchments and also simulated ageing processes.
Chapter 5 has been written by Dr Andrew Hardy who began studying
Middle Eastern eye cosmetics (kohls) in the early 1990's whilst
working in Oman. He has continued thiswork at the Centre for
Medical History, School of Historical, Political and Sociological
Studies, Exeter University. The chapter summarizes and reviews the
usage and composition of kohls in ancient (Pharaonic) Egypt. It
also gives information, from later time periods, on kohl usage and
its recipes, which have been studied using a wide range of
experimental techniques.
- Written in a style that is readily understandable by conservation
scientists, archaeologists, museum curators, and students
- Provides an introduction to the advanced fields of synchrotron
radiation science, neutron science, and computed tomography
- Outstanding review of the use of modern technology to study
museum and archaeological artifacts
- Offers solutions through advanced scientific techniques to a wide
range of problems facing museum staff
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