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Argumentation Schemes for Presumptive Reasoning (Hardcover)
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Argumentation Schemes for Presumptive Reasoning (Hardcover)
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Recent concerns with the evaluation of argumentation in informal
logic and speech communication center around nondemonstrative
arguments that lead to tentative or defeasible conclusions based on
a balance of considerations. Such arguments do not appear to have
structures of the kind traditionally identified with deductive and
inductive reasoning, but are extremely common and are often called
"plausible" or "presumptive," meaning that they are only
provisionally acceptable even when they are correct. How is one to
judge, by some clearly defined standard, whether such arguments are
correct or not in a given instance? The answer lies in what are
called argumentation schemes -- forms of argument (structures of
inference) that enable one to identify and evaluate common types of
argumentation in everyday discourse.
This book identifies 25 argumentation schemes for presumptive
reasoning and matches a set of critical questions to each. These
two elements -- the scheme and the questions -- are then used to
evaluate a given argument in a particular case in relation to a
context of dialogue in which the argument occurred.
In recent writings on argumentation, there is a good deal of
stress placed on how important argumentation schemes are in any
attempt to evaluate common arguments in everyday reasoning as
correct or fallacious, acceptable or questionable. However, the
problem is that the literature thus far has not produced a precise
and user-friendly enough analysis of the structures of the
argumentation schemes themselves, nor have any of the documented
accounts been as helpful, accessible, or systematic as they could
be, especially in relation to presumptive reasoning. This book
solves the problem by presenting the most common presumptive
schemes in an orderly and clear way that makes them explicit and
useful as precisely defined structures. As such, it will be an
indispensable tool for researchers, students, and teachers in the
areas of critical thinking, argumentation, speech communication,
informal logic, and discourse analysis.
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