During the 1980s the Marshallian concept of industrial district
(ID) became widely popular due to the resurgence of interest in the
reasons that make the agglomeration of specialised industries a
territorial phenomenon worth being analysed. The analysis of
clusters and IDs has often been limited, considering only the local
dimension of the created business networks. The external links of
these systems have been systematically under-evaluated. This book
offers a deep insight into the evolution of these systems and the
internal-external mechanism of knowledge circulation and learning.
This means that the access to external knowledge (information or
R&D cooperative research) or to productive networks (global
supply chains) is studied in order to describe how external
knowledge is absorbed and how local clusters or districts become
global systems. It provides a unified approach; showing that
existing capabilities expand when locally embedded knowledge is
combined with accessible external knowledge. In this view, external
knowledge linkages reduce the danger of cognitive 'lock-in' and
'over-embeddedness', which may become important obstacles to local
learning and innovation when technological trajectories and global
economic conditions change. A selection of international experts
General
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