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Collision of Empires - Italy's Invasion of Ethiopia and its International Impact (Hardcover, New Ed)
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Collision of Empires - Italy's Invasion of Ethiopia and its International Impact (Hardcover, New Ed)
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Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 marked a turning point in
interwar Europe. The last great European colonial conquest in
Africa, the conflict represented an enormous gamble for the Fascist
dictator Benito Mussolini. He faced a challenge not only from a
stout Ethiopian defence, but also from difficult logistics made
worse by the League of Nations' half-hearted sanctions. Mussolini
faced down this opposition, and Italian troops, aided by air
superiority and liberal use of yprite gas, conquered Addis Ababa
within eight months, a victory that shocked many military observers
of the time with its speed and suddenness. The invasion had
enormous repercussions on European international relations. In the
midst of a national election campaign, the British National
Government had felt constrained to support the League, despite
fears that sanctions through the League could lead to war with
Italy. The concentration of the Royal Navy in the Mediterranean Sea
alienated Mussolini and placed the French government on the horns
of dilemma; should France support its military partner, Italy, or
its more important potential ally, Great Britain? French attempts
to mark out a middle ground did little to placate the Duce, and the
crisis seemed to develop a deep rift between Fascist Italy and the
Anglo-French democracies, while at the same time creating a crisis
in Anglo-French relations. Mussolini turned towards Nazi Germany in
an attempt to end his diplomatic isolation during the sanctions
episode, although Hitler considered the Duce's friendship a mixed
blessing. The question of American adherence to sanctions increased
ill will between British politicians and the Roosevelt
administration in Washington, as each tended to blame the other for
the failure of oil sanctions and the collapse of collective
security. The international crisis posed similarly thorny problems
for the smaller powers of Europe, and for Japan and the Soviet
Union. The crisis impeded common defence against Fascist
expansionism while giving impetus to claims of the revisionist
powers. Despite the tremendous importance of the international
crisis, however, little new work on the subject has appeared in
recent decades. In this volume, an international cast of
contributors take a fresh look at the crisis through the lens of
new evidence and new approaches to international relations history
to provide the most comprehensive coverage of the crisis currently
possible, and their work provides new frames of reference for
exploring imperialism, collective security and genocide.
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