The rapidly expanding use of very low temperatures in research and
high technology during the last several decades and the concurrent
high degree of activity in cryogenic engineering have mutually
supported each other, each improvement in refrigeration technique
making possible wider oppor tunities for research and each new
scientific discovery creating a need for a refrigerator with
special features. In this book, Professor Walker has provided us
with an excellent exposition of the achievements of this period,
the fundamental principles involved, and a critical examination of
the many different cryogenic systems which have led to a new era of
low-level refrigeration. I feel fortunate to have had a part in the
developments discussed in this book. During the early 1930s I
constructed several rotary engines using leather vanes. Their
performance was not good, but I was able to liquefy air. I had been
impressed by the usefulness of leather cups in tire pumps and in
Claude-type engines for air liquefaction. I was trying to find a
way to avoid that part of the friction generated by a leather cup
as a result of the radial force of the working gas on the
cylindrical part of the cup. During the 1950s I built two efficient
helium liquefiers in which essentially leather pistons were used."
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