Life cycle design is a proactive approach for integrating pollution
prevention and resource conservation strategies into the
development of more ecologically and economically sustainable
product systems. Cross media pollutant transfer and the shifting of
other impacts can be avoided by addressing the entire life cycle,
which includes raw materials acquisition, materials processing,
manufacturing and assembly, use and service, retirement, disposal
and the ultimate fate of residuals.
The goal of life cycle design is to minimize aggregate risks and
impacts over this life cycle. This goal can only be attained
through the balancing of environmental, performance, cost,
cultural, legal, and technical requirements of the product system.
Concepts such as concurrent design, total quality management,
cross- disciplinary teams, and multi-attribute decision making are
essential elements of life cycle design that help meet these goals.
The framework for life cycle design was developed to be applicable
for all product domains. It was written to assist not only design
professionals but all other constituents who have an important role
in life cycle design including corporate executives, product
managers, production workers, distributors, environmental health
and safety staff, purchasers, accountants, marketers, salespersons,
legal staff, consumers, and government regulators. A coordinated
effort is required to institute changes needed for successful
implementation of life cycle design.
Part I seeks to promote the reduction of environmental imparts and
health risks through a systems approach to design. The approach is
based on the product life cycle, which includes raw materials
acquisition and processing, manufacturing, use/service, resource
recovery, and disposal. A life cycle design framework was developed
to provide guidance for more effectively conserving resources and
energy, preventing pollution, and reducing the aggregate
environmental impacts and health risks associated with a product
system. This framework addresses the product, process,
distribution, and management/information components of each product
system.
Part II describes the three components of a life cycle assessment
(inventory analysis, impact analysis, and improvement analysis) as
well as scoping activities, presents a brief overview of the
development of the life cycle assessment process, and develops
guidelines and principles for implementation of a product life
cycle assessment. The major states in a life cycle are raw
materials acquisition, manufacturing, consumer
use/reuse/maintenance, and recycle/waste management. The basic
steps of performing a life cycle inventory (defining the goals and
system boundaries, including scoping; gathering and developing
data; presenting and reviewing data; and interpreting and
communicating results) are presented along with the general issues
to be addressed. The system boundaries, assumptions, and
conventions to be addressed in each stage of the inventory are
presented.
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