Between the 1920s and the 1950s, the child welfare movement that
had originated as a moral reform effort in the Progressive era
evolved into the science of child development. In "Before Head
Start," Hamilton Cravens chronicles this transformation, both on
the national level and from the perspective of the field's
best-known research center, the University of Iowa's Child Welfare
Research Station. Addressing the changing role played by women and
the importance of Rockefeller philanthropy, he shows how a women's
reform movement became a male-dominated, conservative profession
and demonstrates how lay pressure groups can influence the
structures and processes of science.
Animated by the reformist goals of the child welfare movement,
scientists at the Iowa Station challenged the pervasive idea that
an individual's development was determined by such group traits as
race, class, and gender. Instead, their research suggested that
early social intervention could rescue a child from a grim future.
Cravens argues that this individualistic perspective, rejected in
the 1940s by a scientific community that mirrored society's
deterministic notions, anticipated the national social reforms of
the post-1950s era, including Head Start.
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