France has played a pivotal role in the development of modern
science. Especially striking and controversial has been the way in
which the state has organized scientific endeavor. After the 1880s
reinvigorated university faculties played a key role in the growth
of science in France, and many faculty scientists enjoyed close
relations with industry, agriculture, the military, and politics.
During the Third Republic the idea of governmental responsibility
to support research became a dogma, due to the stimulus that
science was perceived to give to the French economy. By 1939 a
working mechanism of state funding for science, buttressed by a
complex scientific ideology, had come into existence and provided
the foundations for the development of a new structure of
scientific research and education in the postwar era. From
Knowledge to Power is the first full-scale treatment of this
dramatic expansion of French science between 1860 and 1939.
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