Ecosystem services provide benefits to humans,
including--provisioning services (food, water, timber, fibre and
genetic resources), regulating services (regulation of climate,
floods, diseases and water quality), cultural services
(recreational, aesthetic and spiritual), and support services (soil
formation, pollination and nutrient cycling). Promoting the concept
of ecosystem services reveals the potential of its contribution to
environmental wellbeing for conservation and sustainability.
Humans, as users of the provided services, benefit from ecosystem
services, fostering dependency on nature. The use of ecosystem
services may lead to unintended environmental consequences
throughout the supply chain. Hence, this book will focus on the
services provided for human wellbeing and a multilayer association
with human problems worldwide when supply chains are disturbed.
Carbon emissions from city areas are responsible for 75% of world
carbon dioxide emissions, making them a significant contributor to
climate change. Urban populations are early responders to the
impacts of climate change. In addition, ecosystem services are
influenced by human activities. Domestic and industrial water
pollution has led to the contamination of drinking water in many
parts of the world. Waste management, such as solid waste
management and biomedical waste management, is considered crucial
for balancing ecosystem services as a consequence of human
activities. In addition, air pollution has become part of ecosystem
service disturbance, as it has become a worldwide problem and a
major threat to the surrounding environment and human health. The
major sources of air pollutants are mobile sources and stationary
and transboundary emissions. Human activities, such as mining and
exploration, have brought naturally occurring radioactive elements,
such as gamma rays, which are present at relatively low
concentrations in many geologic formations and earth materials, to
the surface and have become a threat to human health. Among others,
loud noise exposure in occupational settings has been found to be
hazardous to hearing organs. Environmental stressors that lead to
ecosystem changes have been shown to trigger noncommunicable
diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. The emergence
and re-emergence of vector-borne diseases, such as Zika, Dengue and
Malaria, are rapidly influenced by changes in ecosystem services.
Many studies have been conducted to develop effective vaccines to
combat such diseases. New drugs have been developed from natural
resources with the aim of combating drug resistance, enhancing
efficacy and reducing toxicity. In addition, a health education
programme (HEP) is also being developed to improve the quality of
life of patients. A broad spectrum of research is reported in this
book covering environmental monitoring, modelling, molecular
research, natural product discovery and health education
programmes, showing the importance of support from ecosystem
services that must be preserved for future wellbeing.
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