After the fall of the Porfirio Diaz regime, pueblo representatives
sent hundreds of petitions to Pres. Francisco I. Madero, demanding
that the executive branch of government assume the judiciary's
control over their unresolved lawsuits against landowners, local
bosses, and other villages. The Madero administration tried to use
existing laws to settle land conflicts but always stopped short of
invading judicial authority. In contrast, the two main agrarian
reform programs undertaken in revolutionary Mexico-those
implemented by Emiliano Zapata and Venustiano Carranza-subordinated
the judiciary to the executive branch and thereby reshaped the
postrevolutionary state with the support of villagers, who actively
sided with one branch of government over another. In Matters of
Justice Helga Baitenmann offers the first detailed account of the
Zapatista and Carrancista agrarian reform programs as they were
implemented in practice at the local level and then reconfigured in
response to unanticipated inter- and intravillage conflicts.
Ultimately, the Zapatista land reform, which sought to redistribute
land throughout the country, remained an unfulfilled utopia. In
contrast, Carrancista laws, intended to resolve quickly an urgent
problem in a time of war, had lasting effects on the legal rights
of millions of land beneficiaries and accidentally became the
pillar of a program that redistributed about half the national
territory.
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