The Handbook of Environmental Health-Biological, Chemical and
Physical Agents of Environmentally Related Disease, Volume 1,
Fourth Edition includes twelve chapters on a variety of topics
basically following a standard chapter outline where applicable
with the exception of chapters 1, 2 and 12. The outline is as
follows: 1. Background and status 2. Scientific, technological and
general information 3. Statement of the problem 4. Potential for
intervention 5. Some specific resources 6. Standards, practices,
and techniques 7. Modes of surveillance and evaluation 8. Various
controls 9. Summary of the chapter 10. Research needs for the
future Chapter 1, Environment and Humans discusses ecosystems,
energy technologies and environmental problems, important concepts
of chemistry, transport and alteration of chemicals in the
environment, environmental economics, risk-benefit analysis,
environmental health law, environmental impact statements,
competencies for the environmental health practitioner. Chapter 2,
Environmental Problems and Human Health has a general discussion of
people and disease followed by a brief discussion of physiology
including the human cell, blood, lymphatic system, tissue
membranes, nervous system, respiratory system, gastrointestinal
system and urinary system. There is a discussion of toxicological
principles including toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. There is a
discussion of carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, reproductive toxicity
and teratogenesis and the role of environmental contaminants in
causing disease. Medical surveillance techniques utilized to
measure potential toxicity are included. Basic concepts of
microbiology are discussed followed by principles of communicable
diseases and emerging infectious diseases. There's an explanation
of epidemiological principles including epidemiological
investigations and environmental health and environmental
epidemiology. The chapter concludes with a discussion of risk
assessment and risk management. Chapter 3, Food Protection
discusses food microbiology, reproduction and growth of
microorganisms, environmental effects on bacteria, detergents and
disinfectants, sources of foodborne disease exposure, FoodNet,
various foodborne infections, bacterial food poisoning, chemical
poisoning, poisonous plants and fungi, allergic reactions,
parasitic infections, chronic aftereffects of foodborne disease,
vessel sanitation programs, food quality protection acts, plans
review, food service facilities, food storage, inspection
techniques, preparation and serving of food, cleaning and
sanitizing equipment and utensils, insect and rodent control, flow
systems, epidemiological study techniques, Hazard Analysis and
Critical Control Point Inspection, food protection controls, food
service training programs, national food safety initiative. Chapter
4, Food Technology discusses emerging or reemerging foodborne
pathogens, chemistry of foods, food additives and preservatives,
food spoilage, pesticides and fertilizers in food, antibiotics in
food, heavy metals and the food chain, use of recycled plastics in
food packaging, environmental problems in milk processing, poultry
processing, egg processing, meat processing, fish and shellfish
processing, produce processing, and imported foods. National
standards, practices and techniques are provided for milk, ice
cream, poultry, eggs, meat, produce and seafood. Current modes of
surveillance and evaluation as well as appropriate control measures
are provided for each of the above areas. Chapter 5, Insect Control
discusses scientific, technological, and general information about
various insects of public health significance including fleas,
flies, lice, mites, mosquitoes, and roaches. There is a substantial
discussion of the many diseases transmitted by insects including
African Bite Fever, Bubonic Plague, Chagas Disease, Colorado Tick
Fever, Dengue Fever, Ehrlichioses, Encephalitis, Lyme Disease,
Malaria, Rickettsial Pox, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Scabies,
Scrub Typhus, Tularemia, Typhus Fever, Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers,
Yellow Fever. Included in the text are the national standards,
practices, and techniques utilized to conduct surveys, methods of
prevention and controls of the insects. Further there is a
discussion of emerging and reemerging insect borne diseases
including why this is occurring. Integrated pest management is a
special topic. Chapter 6, Rodent Control discusses the
characteristics and behavior of murine rodents and deer mice, how
they affect humans and the various diseases that they cause.
National standards, practices and techniques are established for
rodent poisoning and trapping, food and harborage removal, and
rodent proofing. A special feature is the discussion of an actual
working community rodent control program. Chapter 7, Pesticides
discusses current issues, current laws and the effects of
pesticides on groundwater, surface water, land, food, air and
people. The various categories of pesticides and current allowable
usage of inorganic insecticides and petroleum compounds,
chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates, carbamates,
biolarvicides, and insect growth regulators are discussed. Chapter
8, Indoor Environment discusses indoor air pollution, housing,
health and the housing environment, human illness, monitoring
environmental disease, residential wood combustion, environmental
tobacco smoke, carbon monoxide, radon gas, volatile organic
compounds, asbestos, molds, bacteria and other biological
contaminants, environmental lead hazards, noise, accidents and
injuries. National standards, practices, and techniques are
provided for all areas of the indoor environment, and survey
techniques and housing studies are included. Chapter
9-Institutional Environment discusses the complex environment and
potential for disease in nursing and convalescent homes, old-age
homes, schools, colleges, and universities, prisons and hospitals.
There are in-depth discussions on the potential for spread of
disease through air, water, fomites, surfaces, people, food,
laundry, insects and rodents, laboratories and biohazards, and
surgical suites. Within the hospital setting there are extended
discussions of heating, air conditioning, and laminar flow,
housekeeping, laundry, solid and hazardous waste, maintenance,
plumbing, food, hazardous chemicals, insects and rodents,
radioactive materials, water supply, emergency medical services,
fire safety and patient safety programs. Handwashing and hospital
environmental control is explained in depth including the various
microorganisms that may be transmitted by hands. There is a special
discussion on laboratories and bio hazards including bacterial
agents, fungal agents, parasitic agents, prions, rickettsial
agents, viral agents, arborviruses and related zoological viruses.
There are additional discussions on human immunodeficiency virus,
hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, tuberculosis, resistant
organisms. Emerging and reemerging infection problems are of great
significance. Hospital acquired infection and routes of
transmission are significant problems. Occupational health and
safety problems in the hospital are analyzed. The most recent CDC
guidelines for all these areas are included. A significant number
of inspection and survey forms are included in order for the reader
to get a better understanding of specific problems in a specific
institution. Chapter 10-Recreational Environment includes problems
and solutions to problems in water quality, water supply, sewage,
plumbing, shelter, food, solid waste, fish handling, stables,
swimming and boating. Chapter 11-Occupational Environment includes
a discussion of the interrelated challenges of various pressures in
the environment. It includes physical agents such as sound,
non-ionizing radiation, ionizing radiation, hot and cold
temperature extremes. It also includes discussions of chemical
agents such as toxic chemicals, flammable chemicals, corrosive
chemicals, reactive agents. It includes discussions of biological
agents. Ergonomics is an essential part of the chapter. The
occupational health controls of substitution, isolation,
ventilation, personal protective equipment, housekeeping, and
education for control of physical agents, chemical agents,
biological agents and ergonomic factors are also discussed. Chapter
12-Major Instrumentation for Environmental Evaluation of
Occupational, Residential, and Public Indoor Settings discusses
instantaneous or real-time monitoring, integrated or continuous
monitoring, personal monitoring and area monitoring. Techniques and
equipment are discussed for various airborne particulates and
gaseous agents. Integrated or continuous monitoring of sound as
well as instantaneous or real-time monitoring of sound is
explained. Evaluation of air temperature factors are discussed.
Evaluations of the illumination, microwave radiation, electric and
magnetic fields, ionizing radiation, air pressure, velocity and
flow rate are presented. Excellent graphics help the reader
understand the principles of instrumentation. A large and current
bibliography by chapter is included at the end of the book. This
state-of-the-art computerized graphics can be found throughout the
book. A comprehensive index of both Volume I and Volume II is at
the end of the book to aid the reader in easily finding necessary
information. The reader is referred to the Volume II when
appropriate. The book is user-friendly to a variety of individuals
including generalalist professionals as well as specialists,
industrial hygiene personnel, health and medical personnel, the
media, supervisors and managers of environmental health and
occupational health areas, and students. Individuals can easily
gain appropriate and applicable standards, rules and regulations to
help the individual increase knowledge in a given area or solve
actual problems. The book is utilized to help individuals also
prepare for registration examinations. The book is co-published
with the National Environmental Health Association.
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