Were slavery and social injustice leading to dire poverty in
antiquity and late antiquity only regarded as normal, 'natural'
(Aristotle), or at best something morally 'indifferent' (the
Stoics), or, in the Christian milieu, a sad but inevitable
consequence of the Fall, or even an expression of God's
unquestionable will? Social Justice and the Legitimacy of Slavery
shows that there were also definitive condemnations of slavery and
social injustice as iniquitous and even impious, and that these
came especially from ascetics, both in Judaism and in Christianity,
and occasionally also in Greco-Roman ('pagan') philosophy. Ilaria
L. E. Ramelli argues that this depends on a link not only between
asceticism and renunciation, but also between asceticism and
justice, at least in ancient and late antique philosophical
asceticism. Ramelli provides a careful investigation through all of
Ancient Philosophy (not only Aristotle and the Stoics, but also the
Sophists, Socrates, Plato, the Neoplatonists, and much more),
Ancient to Rabbinic Judaism, Hellenistic Jewish ascetic groups such
as the Essenes and the Therapeutae, all of the New Testament, with
special focus on Paul and Jesus, and Greek, Latin, and Syriac
Patristic, from Clement and Origen to the Cappadocians, from John
Chrysostom to Theodoret to Byzantine monastics, from Ambrose to
Augustine, from Bardaisan to Aphrahat, without neglecting the
Christianized Sentences of Sextus. In particular, Ramelli considers
Gregory of Nyssa and the interrelation between theory and practice
in all of these ancient and patristic philosophers, as well as to
the parallels that emerge in their arguments against slavery and
against social injustice.
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