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Advanced Analytic Methods in Science and Engineering (Hardcover)
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Advanced Analytic Methods in Science and Engineering (Hardcover)
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Numerical methods constitute an analytical tool scientific and
technological valuable today. The development of computers has
allowed its development to solve complex problems, from the
simulation of a phenomenon or device, to the study of complex
systems such as simulation of evolution of a galaxy or stress
analysis and stability of an aircraft. This proposal is applicable
to any introductory course on the subject. The use of software and
the use of visualizations support the learning process combined
with the basic learning programming through mathematical problems
are directly applicable to science and engineering, as well as the
proposal for consideration and programming methods more specific,
and the use of problem-based learning. This will allow the reader
to understand the relationship of discipline with applications in
engineering. We have considered a number of applications including
integrated through the horizontality of the methods for solving
complex application problems. Modern software is included directly
in each method, where each should be programmed as a mark of
professional practice due. Currently, even if one could ignore the
learning of numerical methods by using specialized software
programming it allows the reader to understand the complexity and
the need to solve certain problems by simulating and programming,
even assisted by this. The dimensioning of the firmness is the
definition of its geometric and constitutive aspects. Consideration
of it as a structure and application of the principles of
mechanics, the concept of mechanics Firmes arises. This discipline
mainly adopts two types of methods for determining the
characteristics of the firmness: empirical methods, based on
knowledge through experience, and analytical methods based on
mathematical modeling of the structure.Analytical Methods were
developed in the second half of the twentieth century, in parallel
with the evolution of computing. Models of the firmness based on
the theory of Burmister (for flexible pavements) and Westergaard
(for firmness concrete) were being computerized in increasingly
complex programs that behavior patterns were added to estimate the
service life of the structure. Thus, analytical methods resulted in
software, due to the advantages of calculation that entails. In
1906, the Russian botanist M. Tswett conducted an experiment that
led to the discovery of what is now known as chromatography. Placed
an extract pigment plant on top of a glass column filled with
calcium carbonate (CaCO3). By adding ether, noted that mixing
original separated into different colored bands that descended
through the column at different speeds. A characteristic feature of
chromatography is the presence of two phases; arranged so that
while one remains stationary within the system (stationary phase),
the other moves along it (mobile phase). The key to the separation
in chromatography is that the speed with which it moves each
substance depends on its relative affinity for both phases
(equilibrium distribution). In the experiment Tswett, separation of
pigments plant was achieved thanks to each one of them had an
affinity for different phases. In general, the components more akin
to the stationary phase are moving slowly (more retained) while
more akin to the mobile phase (less retained) move faster.
Consequently, the chromatographic medium (column, plate or paper)
works as a driver of the speed of each substance constituting the
mixture, thus achieving separation and using a detector, chemical
characterization. Although the basic principles are the same, it is
customary to classify chromatographic methods depending on the
physical state of the mobile phase: Liquid chromatography. The
mobile phase is a solvent or solvent mixture and stationary phase
solid that interacts with the substances to be separated (liquid
chromatograph-solid) or liquid immiscible with the mobile phase,
deposited on the surface of a solid ( liquid-liquid
chromatography). This form of chromatography can be performed with
different experimental arrangements: column, in a thin layer on the
paper. Gas chromatography. In this case the mobile phase is an
inert gas (helium or nitrogen) and stationary phase is a solid
(gas-solid chromatography) or a liquid "sustained" by an inert
solid (GLC). This type of chromatography column is provided as it
is the only way that the mobile phase flowing gas remains confined
within the system. Application areas are diverse and encompass
virtually every activity involved in chemistry, for example, is
used in: The analysis of drugs and drugs in biological fluids such
as saliva, blood, urine Follow the transformation of the substances
responsible for the neurological transmission Determining the
presence of contaminants in the environment Deciphering the
composition of fossil fuels Perform quality control of products
manufactured chemicals and pharmaceuticals; in short, the list of
examples is endless. In this book we have taken several analytical
methods that have been accessed through a bibliographic research
and information technology, in order to analyze the characteristics
of each of them and update their status of validity. The aim of
this study is to make a comparison between different methods and
determine the degree of acceptance and use thereof. This is
intended to bring together the available knowledge of analytical
methods to recognize its advantages and limitations, which can
serve as a basis for the development of new methods or improving
existing ones.
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