In the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act (HHCA) of 1921, the U.S.
Congress defined "native Hawaiians" as those people "with at least
one-half blood quantum of individuals inhabiting the Hawaiian
Islands prior to 1778." This "blood logic" has since become an
entrenched part of the legal system in Hawai'i. "Hawaiian Blood" is
the first comprehensive history and analysis of this federal law
that equates Hawaiian cultural identity with a quantifiable amount
of blood. J. Kēhaulani Kauanui explains how blood quantum
classification emerged as a way to undermine Native Hawaiian
(Kanaka Maoli) sovereignty. Within the framework of the 50-percent
rule, intermarriage "dilutes" the number of state-recognized Native
Hawaiians. Thus, rather than support Native claims to the Hawaiian
islands, blood quantum reduces Hawaiians to a racial minority,
reinforcing a system of white racial privilege bound to property
ownership.
Kauanui provides an impassioned assessment of how the arbitrary
correlation of ancestry and race imposed by the U.S. government on
the indigenous people of Hawai'i has had far-reaching legal and
cultural effects. With the HHCA, the federal government explicitly
limited the number of Hawaiians included in land provisions, and it
recast Hawaiians' land claims in terms of colonial welfare rather
than collective entitlement. Moreover, the exclusionary logic of
blood quantum has profoundly affected cultural definitions of
indigeneity by undermining more inclusive Kanaka Maoli notions of
kinship and belonging. Kauanui also addresses the ongoing
significance of the 50-percent rule: Its criteria underlie recent
court decisions that have subverted the Hawaiian sovereignty
movement and brought to the fore charged questions about who counts
as Hawaiian.
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