In [Hardy and Williams, 1986] the authors exploited a very simple
idea to obtain a linear congruence involving class numbers of
imaginary quadratic fields modulo a certain power of 2. Their
congruence provided a unified setting for many congruences proved
previously by other authors using various means. The Hardy-Williams
idea was as follows. Let d be the discriminant of a quadratic
field. Suppose that d is odd and let d = PIP2* . . Pn be its unique
decomposition into prime discriminants. Then, for any positive
integer k coprime with d, the congruence holds trivially as each
Legendre-Jacobi-Kronecker symbol (~) has the value + 1 or -1.
Expanding this product gives ~ eld e:=l (mod4) where e runs through
the positive and negative divisors of d and v (e) denotes the
number of distinct prime factors of e. Summing this congruence for
o < k < Idl/8, gcd(k, d) = 1, gives ~ (-It(e) ~ (~)
=:O(mod2n). eld o
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