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Reduction of Pathogens, Indicator Bacteria, and Alternative Indicators by Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation Processes (Paperback)
Loot Price: R3,431
Discovery Miles 34 310
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Reduction of Pathogens, Indicator Bacteria, and Alternative Indicators by Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation Processes (Paperback)
Series: WERF Research Report Series
Expected to ship within 12 - 17 working days
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In wastewater reclamation systems, microbiological monitoring is
conducted to ensure that the users of reclaimed water are exposed
to minimal risks from exposure to pathogens. Typically, utilities
rely on the use of process controls to remove or inactivate
pathogens. Routine monitoring of indicator organisms is conducted
to evaluate overall process performance and for regulatory
compliance. However, the effectiveness of individual treatment
processes for removal of pathogens is dependent on process
variables. This project was conducted to compare the effectiveness
of biological treatment, filtration, and disinfection for removal
of bacterial and viral indicators, enteric viruses, and protozoan
pathogens. Six full-scale treatment facilities were each sampled a
minimum of four times over a one year period. The relative impacts
of loading conditions, process design, and operating parameters on
the removal/inactivation of a suite of nine microbial species
(bacteria, coliphages, enteric viruses, and protozoan pathogens)
was evaluated. Bacterial removal was consistent for all types of
biological systems, however, increased virus removal was associated
with biological nutrient removal and nitrification processes.
Parasite removal was highly variable. The effectiveness of
filtration was impacted most by the use of upstream chemicals
(either chlorine or coagulant chemicals). Chlorine disinfection was
more effective in cases where ammonia levels were low (biological
nutrient removal or nitrification facilities). Infectivity assays
for protozoan pathogens suggest that the proportion of infective
cysts or oocysts increases with increasing level of treatment.
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