Since the nineteenth century, the Ohio River has represented a
great divide for African Americans. It provided a passage to
freedom along the underground railroad, and during the industrial
age, it was a boundary between the Jim Crow South and the urban
North. The Ohio became known as the "River Jordan," symbolizing the
path to the promised land. In the urban centers of Pittsburgh,
Cincinnati, Louisville, and Evansville, blacks faced racial
hostility from outside their immediate neighborhoods as well as
class, color, and cultural fragmentation among themselves. Yet
despite these pressures, African Americans were able to create
vibrant new communities as former agricultural workers transformed
themselves into a new urban working class. Unlike most studies of
black urban life, Trotter's work considers several cities and
compares their economic conditions, demographic makeup, and
political and cultural conditions. Beginning with the arrival of
the first blacks in the Ohio Valley, Trotter traces the development
of African American urban centers through the civil rights movement
and the developments of recent years.
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