The spread of market-oriented reforms has been one of the major
political and economic trends of the late twentieth and early
twenty-first centuries. Governments have, to varying degrees,
adopted policies that have led to deregulation: the liberalization
of trade; the privatization of state entities; and low-rate,
broad-base taxes. Yet some countries embraced these policies more
than others. Johan Christensen examines one major contributor to
this disparity: the entrenchment of U.S.-trained, neoclassical
economists in political institutions the world over. While previous
studies have highlighted the role of political parties and
production regimes, Christensen uses comparative case studies of
New Zealand, Ireland, Norway, and Denmark to show how the influence
of economists affected the extent to which each nation adopted
market-oriented tax policies. He finds that, in countries where
economic experts held powerful positions, neoclassical economics
broke through with greater force. Drawing on revealing interviews
with 80 policy elites, he examines the specific ways in which
economists shaped reforms, relying on an activist approach to
policymaking and the perceived utility of their science to drive
change.
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