" Black on Black provides the first comprehensive analysis of
the modern African American literary response to Africa, from
W.E.B. Du Bois's The Souls of Black Folk to Alice Walker's The
Color Purple. Combining cutting-edge theory, extensive historical
and archival research, and close readings of individual texts,
Gruesser reveals the diversity of the African American response to
Countee Cullen's question, ""What is Africa to Me?"" John Gruesser
uses the concept of Ethiopianism--the biblically inspired belief
that black Americans would someday lead Africans and people of the
diaspora to a bright future--to provide a framework for his study.
Originating in the eighteenth century and inspiring religious and
political movements throughout the 1800s, Ethiopianism dominated
African American depictions of Africa in the first two decades of
the twentieth century, particularly in the writings of Du Bois,
Sutton Griggs, and Pauline Hopkins. Beginning with the Harlem
Renaissance and continuing through the Italian invasion and
occupation of Ethiopia, however, its influence on the portrayal of
the continent slowly diminished. Ethiopianism's decline can first
be seen in the work of writers closely associated with the New
Negro Movement, including Alain Locke and Langston Hughes, and
continued in the dramatic work of Shirley Graham, the novels of
George Schuyler, and the poetry and prose of Melvin Tolson. The
final rejection of Ethiopianism came after the dawning of the Cold
War and roughly coincided with the advent of postcolonial Africa in
works by authors such as Richard Wright, Lorraine Hansberry, and
Alice Walker.
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