Ali Pasha of Ioannina (?1750-1822), the Ottoman-appointed
governor of the northern mainland of Greece, was a towering figure
in Ottoman, Greek, and European history. Based on an array of
literatures, paintings, and musical scores, this is the first
English-language critical biography about him in recent decades. K.
E. Fleming shows that the British and French diplomatic experience
of Ali was at odds with the "orientalist" literatures that he
inspired. Dubbed by Byron the "Muslim Bonaparte," Ali enjoyed a
position of diplomatic strength in the eastern Adriatic; in his
attempt to secede from the Ottoman state, he cleverly took
advantage of the diplomatic relations of Britain, Russia, France,
and Venice. As he reached the peak of his powers, however, European
accounts of him portrayed him in ever more "orientalist" terms--as
irrational, despotic, cruel, and undependable.
Fleming focuses on the tension between these two experiences of
Ali--the diplomatic and the cultural. She also places the history
of modern Greece in the context of European history, as well as
that of Ottoman decline, and demonstrates the ways in which
contemporary European visions of Greece, particularly those
generated by Romanticist philhellenism, contributed to a unique
form of "orientalism" in the south Balkans. Greece, a territory
never formally colonized by Western Europe, was subject instead to
a surrogate form of colonial control--one in which the country's
history and culture, rather than its actual land, was annexed,
invaded, and colonized.
Originally published in 1999.
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