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Until Justice Be Done - America's First Civil Rights Movement, from the Revolution to Reconstruction (Hardcover)
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Until Justice Be Done - America's First Civil Rights Movement, from the Revolution to Reconstruction (Hardcover)
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The half-century before the Civil War was beset with conflict over
equality as well as freedom. Beginning in 1803, many free states
enacted laws that discouraged free African Americans from settling
within their boundaries and restricted their rights to testify in
court, move freely from place to place, work, vote, and attend
public school. But over time, African American activists and their
white allies, often facing mob violence, courageously built a
movement to fight these racist laws. They countered the states'
insistences that states were merely trying to maintain the domestic
peace with the equal-rights promises they found in the Declaration
of Independence and the Constitution. They were pastors, editors,
lawyers, politicians, ship captains, and countless ordinary men and
women, and they fought in the press, the courts, the state
legislatures, and Congress, through petitioning, lobbying, party
politics, and elections. Long stymied by hostile white majorities
and unfavorable court decisions, the movement's ideals became
increasingly mainstream in the 1850s, particularly among supporters
of the new Republican party. When Congress began rebuilding the
nation after the Civil War, Republicans installed this vision of
racial equality in the 1866 Civil Rights Act and the Fourteenth
Amendment. These were the landmark achievements of the first civil
rights movement. Kate Masur's magisterial history delivers this
pathbreaking movement in vivid detail. Activists such as John
Jones, a free Black tailor from North Carolina whose opposition to
the Illinois "black laws" helped make the case for racial equality,
demonstrate the indispensable role of African Americans in shaping
the American ideal of equality before the law. Without enforcement,
promises of legal equality were not enough. But the antebellum
movement laid the foundation for a racial justice tradition that
remains vital to this day.
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