Medical imaging has been transformed over the past 30 years by
the advent of computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI), and various advances in x-ray and ultrasonic
techniques. An enabling force behind this progress has been the (so
far) exponentially increasing power of computers, which has made it
practical to explore fundamentally new approaches. In particular,
what our group terms "model-based" modalities-which produce tissue
property images from data using nonlinear, iterative numerical
modeling techniques-have become increasingly feasible.
Alternative Breast Imaging: Four Model-Based Approaches explores
our research on four such modalities, particularly with regard to
imaging of the breast: (1) MR elastography (MRE), (2) electrical
impedance spectroscopy (EIS), (3) microwave imaging spectroscopy
(MIS), and (4) near infrared spectroscopic imaging (NIS). Chapter 1
introduces the present state of breast imaging and discusses how
our alternative modalities can contribute to the field. Chapter 2
looks at the computational common ground shared by all four
modalities. Chapters 2 through 10 are devoted to the four
modalities, with each modality being discussed first in a theory
chapter and then in an implementation-and-results chapter. The
eleventh and final chapter discusses statistical methods for image
analysis in the context of these four alternative imaging
modalities.
Imaging for the detection of breast cancer is a particularly
interesting and relevant application of the four imaging modalities
discussed in this book. Breast cancer is an extremely common health
problem for women; the National Cancer Institute estimates that one
in eight US women will develop breast cancer at least once in her
lifetime. Yet the efficacy of the standard (and notoriously
uncomfortable) early-detection test, the x-ray mammogram, has been
disputed of late, especially for younger women. Conditions are thus
ripe for the development of affordable techniques that replace or
complement mammography. The breast is both anatomically accessible
and small enough that the computing power required to model it, is
affordable.
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