Integrating a decade-long program of empirical research with
current cognitive theory, this book demonstrates that psychological
research has profound implications for current debates about what
it means to be rational. The author brings new evidence to bear on
these issues by demonstrating that patterns of individual
differences--largely ignored in disputes about human
rationality--have strong implications for explanations of the gap
between normative and descriptive models of human behavior.
Separate chapters show how patterns of individual differences have
implications for all of the major critiques of purported
demonstrations of human irrationality in the heuristics and biases
literature. In these critiques, it has been posited that
experimenters have observed performance errors rather than
systematically irrational responses; the tasks have required
computational operations that exceed human cognitive capacity;
experimenters have applied the wrong normative model to the task;
and participants have misinterpreted the tasks.
In a comprehensive set of studies, Stanovich demonstrates that
gaps between normative and descriptive models of performance on
some tasks can be accounted for by positing these alternative
explanations, but that not all discrepancies from normative models
can be so explained. Individual differences in rational thought can
in part be predicted by psychological dispositions that are
interpreted as characteristic biases in people's intentional-level
psychologies. Presenting the most comprehensive examination of
individual differences in the heuristics and biases literature that
has yet been published, experiments and theoretical insights in
this volume contextualize the heuristics and biases literature
exemplified in the work of various investigators.
General
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