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Peaceable Kingdom Lost - The Paxton boys and the Destruction of William Penn's Holy Experiment (Hardcover)
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Peaceable Kingdom Lost - The Paxton boys and the Destruction of William Penn's Holy Experiment (Hardcover)
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William Penn established Pennsylvania in 1682 as a "holy
experiment" in which Europeans and Indians could live together in
harmony. In this book, historian Kevin Kenny explains how this
Peaceable Kingdom--benevolent, Quaker, pacifist--gradually
disintegrated in the eighteenth century, with disastrous
consequences for Native Americans.
Kenny recounts how rapacious frontier settlers, most of them of
Ulster extraction, began to encroach on Indian land as squatters,
while William Penn's sons cast off their father's Quaker heritage
and turned instead to fraud, intimidation, and eventually violence
during the French and Indian War. In 1763, a group of frontier
settlers known as the Paxton Boys exterminated the last twenty
Conestogas, descendants of Indians who had lived peacefully since
the 1690s on land donated by William Penn near Lancaster. Invoking
the principle of "right of conquest," the Paxton Boys claimed after
the massacres that the Conestogas' land was rightfully theirs. They
set out for Philadelphia, threatening to sack the city unless their
grievances were met. A delegation led by Benjamin Franklin met them
and what followed was a war of words, with Quakers doing battle
against Anglican and Presbyterian champions of the Paxton Boys. The
killers were never prosecuted and the Pennsylvania frontier
descended into anarchy in the late 1760s, with Indians the
principal victims. The new order heralded by the Conestoga
massacres was consummated during the American Revolution with the
destruction of the Iroquois confederacy. At the end of the
Revolutionary War, the United States confiscated the lands of
Britain's Indian allies, basing its claim on the principle of
"right of conquest."
Based on extensive research in eighteenth-century primary sources,
this engaging history offers an eye-opening look at how
colonists--at first, the backwoods Paxton Boys but later the U.S.
government--expropriated Native American lands, ending forever the
dream of colonists and Indians living together in peace.
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