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Books > Science & Mathematics > Physics > Optics (light)
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Rare-Earth Doped III-Nitrides for Optoelectronic and Spintronic Applications (Paperback, 2010 ed.)
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Rare-Earth Doped III-Nitrides for Optoelectronic and Spintronic Applications (Paperback, 2010 ed.)
Series: Topics in Applied Physics, 124
Expected to ship within 10 - 15 working days
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It has been noted several times previously that the Rare Earths
(RE), a sequence of elements with atomic numbers in the range from
58 (Ce) to 71 (Lu), are neither earths nor particularly rare. They
are metals, whose ores are often found together with oxides of the
"alkaline earths" (Ca, Mg), staples of the building industry, th
while Cerium, for example, is the 25 most abundant element in the
Earth's crust. However, the chemical similarity of all REs to each
other and to Lanthanum, reflected in their alternative descriptor,
Lanthanoids, made extraction of the separate elements difficult
until technical advances in the 1960s kick-started the modern era
of RE science. The most widespread commercial use of RE metals at
present is in the prod- tion of super-strong permanent magnets,
containing Neodymium: check your refrigerator door for an example.
RE ferromagnetism arises from the angular momentum of electrons in
partially filled 4f atomic shells. In chemical compounds of RE with
non-metals, the 4f shell is surrounded by filled 5s and 5p
orbitals, 1 2 while bonding involves the outerlying 5d and 6s
electrons, resulting (usually) in 3+ 3+ a RE ion that is chemically
similar to La . (RE may also be found in a divalent charge state,
with an 'extra' electron in the 5d shell. ) Hence the sequence of
3+ 3+ trivalent ions from Ce to Yb is characterised by a 4f shell
occupation that rises from 1 to 13 electrons.
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